Answer Key - Guide to Speaking.pdf - English for Children 123 - astam1

Section 3 Guide to Speaking 103

Most stckhldrs don’t attnd, give votes top corp

offcrs = voting by proxy

2. Brd of drctrs elec. by stckhldrs makes maj decis

appt CEO sets policy

3. Howev, D-to-d ops of corp done by perf’d by exec

offcrs + corp br’cracy

BTW, CEO often chrmn of brd + top exec offcr

4. LLC incre’ly pop for smaller bus.

LLC = hyb org combines best of pt’shp + best

of corp elim’s dble txation

Note-taking Exercise 6

1. T

2. Limited liability company

3. F

4. there is no separate tax on the sole proprietorship (or it is

taxed at personal income rates, which are lower)

5. the owner is liable for all the company’s debts

6. a partnership is owned by more than one person

7. F

8. F

9. T

10. “artificial persons”

11. T

12. F

13. F

14. T

15. partnership corporation

2. Answers will vary. The speaker should state whether he or

she favors a Pass/Fail system or a letter-grade system and

give reasons why.

Lesson 15: Personal Preference Task

Exercise 15.1

Answers will vary. The following are given as examples.

2. I think the most interesting discussion I’ve ever heard

was a university panel discussion about the future of my

country.

3. I believe that the finest restaurant I’ve ever eaten at is a

restaurant at the Blue House Hotel in Istanbul called the

Garden Restaurant.

4. In my opinion, the most important leader in history was

Simon Bolivar.

5. The best known monument in my country, Thailand, is

probably Wat Arun, the “Temple of the Dawn.”

7. The best idea I have ever heard is the use of hydrogen in

place of gasoline as fuel.

8. The most important invention, in my opinion, is the

invention of the printing press.

9. The most difficult problem in my country, I think, is a

lack of good roads.

11. On a nice day, my favorite place to study is under a tree

in the area outside the main library.

12. My favorite kind of food is pizza.

13. My favorite singer is the Malaysian singer Jasmine Leong.

15. I like to go to the Web site “How Stuff Works.” One rea-

sons I enjoy it is that it explains a lot of things that I don’t

understand very well, so it is a good place to do research.

Another reason is that the English on this Web site is

fairly easy to understand.

16. When I was a child, traditional dancing was my favorite

activity. There were several reasons for this. One is that

dancing is good exercise. Another is that I enjoyed learn-

ing about the culture of my country.

17. The most interesting class I ever took was a general sci-

ence course that I took in high school because the teacher

was excellent and I learned a lot about the basics of sci-

ence. Also, it got me interested in science and technology,

and later I decided to become a chemical engineer.

Exercise 15.2

Answers will vary. The following are given as examples.

2. This question asks me to name a traditional or popular

food in my country and to explain why it is symbolic of my

country. I should choose some food that is unique to my

country and is usually eaten on special occasions.

3. This question is asking me to name some special skill (or

talent) I have. I could, for example, mention my talent for

organization and explain how it has helped me in school,

at work, and in other situations.

Exercise 15.3

2. Answers will vary, but a good outline could include the

following:

Topic (name of food)

Descrip: how taste, wht look like, whn served

Reasons why symbolic

(unique to my country, e.g.)

(served on nat’l holidays. e.g.)

3. Answers will vary, but a good outline for this prompt could

include the following:

Topic (name of skill)

Descript of skill

Reasons why useful

Section 3: Guide to Speaking

The Independent Speaking Task

Exercise: Scoring the Response

Response 1 Score: __4___

Comments: The speaker gives an automatic response using

clear pronunciation and intonation. The response includes

important details about the event, and a listener has little

problem understanding her response. Although there are

some hesitations, the speaker generally uses grammar and

vocabulary appropriately.

Response 2 Score: __2___

Comments: The intonation and pronunciation is unclear—

especially the pronunciation of word endings—and this

requires very close listening to understand the response.

There are a number of repetitions and some grammatical

problems. The focus changes from I to you to we, for example.

The response is hesitant and choppy and there are a couple

of long pauses. While this response mentions that the test is

important, the speaker doesn’t clearly state whether taking

the test or passing the test was the most important to him or

if he passed and was accepted to the university. The ideas and

the connection between details are not clear.

Response 3 Score: __3__

Comments: While some of the ideas are not fully developed,

this is a clear, fluid response. The speaker provides some sup-

port for her answer, and the connections between the ideas

are generally clear. There are minor problems with intonation

and pronunciation, and there are some needless repetitions.

Independent Speaking Preview Test

1. Answers will vary, but successful answers should provide a

description of an influential person and reasons why that

person has had an influence on the speaker’s life.

104 Section 3 Guide to Speaking

(helped me in school, e.g.)

(helped me get a job e.g.)

Exercise 15.4

2. Answers will vary, but a good response for this prompt will

follow the outline in Question 2, Exercise 15.3. It will

clearly state the name of the food that the speaker thinks

is symbolic of his/her country and give a brief description

of the food. It will give several reasons why this food is

important in the speaker’s home country.

3. Answers will vary, but a successful response will follow the

outline in Question 3, Exercise 15.3. It will name the skill

that the person thinks is important, describe the skill, and

give several reasons why this is a helpful skill to have.

Exercise 15.5

1. Answers will vary, but this response should begin by stat-

ing the gift that the speaker would give and then give a

brief description of this gift. The response should also

include reasons why this gift is unique or symbolic.

2. Answers will vary, but the speaker should first say which

job he or she would most like to have and give a brief

description of it. The speaker should then explain why this

position is ideal or give examples of ways in which this job

would benefit him or her.

3. Answers will vary, but the speaker should clearly state

which of the world’s problems he or she thinks is espe-

cially challenging and then give a brief description of that

problem. The speaker should then give reasons why he or

she would choose this problem to solve.

23. I agree with the people who think watching TV is mostly

a waste of time. There are a few good shows but most of

them are ridiculous. For example, those “reality shows”

and most television comedies are silly and uninteresting.

24. There are some disadvantages to using credit cards, such

as the high interest rate that credit card companies

charge.

Exercise 16.2

Answers will vary. The following are given as examples.

2. This prompt asks if teachers need special training or if a

teacher just has to know the subject matter. If I support

the idea that a teacher must study education, I must give

reasons why I think this is true. If I support the other point

of view, I could give examples of teachers I have had who

were experts in their field but had no training in educa-

tional methods.

3. This prompt asks me to support or not support the concept

of school uniforms. If I support school uniforms, I could

give several reasons why I think they are a good idea. For

example, I could say that students who wear uniforms

don’t have to compete with other students to see who can

buy the latest fashions. If I choose the negative side of this

argument, I could say that children express themselves

through clothing and that choosing their clothes in the

morning is good practice for their working life.

Exercise 16.3

2. Answers will vary. If the speaker chooses to support the

idea that a teacher needs special training, the outline

could include the following:

Main point (teachers must be trained)

Brief description of teacher training

*Reason why teachers don’t need training . . .

But: I do think teachers need training

Why? teaching requires special skills

not all experts can communicate

If the speaker chooses to support the opposite idea—that

teachers don’t need special training—the outline should

include the following:

Main point (teachers don’t req. training or certif)

Basic description of experts who don’t need special

training

*Reason why teachers do need training . . .

But: I don’t think teachers need training

Why? most experts have taught people in on-the-

job situations

+ the knowledge, not the teaching tech-

niques, is most important

3. Answers will vary. Speakers who support uniforms in

school could include the following in their outline:

Main point: I agree w/ idea of schl uni

Basic description of wht it means to wear uni to schl

*Reason why S’s don’t need uniforms . . .

But: it is best to wear uniforms:

Reasons: e.g., cheaper for parents

e.g., S’s don’t have to compete

for most fashionable clthes

Speakers who don’t support uniforms in school could include

the following:

Main point: I agree w/ idea of schl uni

Basic description of wht it means to wear uni to schl

*One reason why S’s should wear uniforms . . .

But: Uniforms have disadvant:

Reasons: e.g., they encourage S’s to behave

the same, think the same

e.g., S’s will need to choose their

clothes when have jobs

Lesson 16: Paired Choice Task

Exercise 16.1

Answers will vary. The following are given as examples.

2. In my opinion, it’s better to take a train or other public

transportation.

3. Personally, I feel it is more fun to have dinner at a friend’s

house.

4. I think showering is better.

5. I believe studying abroad is a better choice for me.

7. I’d rather be rich than famous.

8. I prefer studying at the library because there are too

many distractions at home.

9. I enjoy going jogging more than working out at the gym.

11. I agree with the idea that cell phones have actually made

it more difficult to communicate with people, not easier.

12. I agree with the people who think that nurses should

make as much money as doctors.

14. Generally, I agree with those people who think that a

library is the most important feature of a university, but I

think that the quality of the faculty is also very important.

15. On the whole, I think that watching a movie at a cinema

is a more rewarding experience, but sometimes it’s more

convenient to watch a video at home.

17. Some people like to travel with large groups of people,

but I prefer traveling by myself because I like to make my

own decisions about what to do and where to go.

18. Some people enjoy living in a small town. However, I find

life in a big city more interesting.

20. There are several reasons why I think students should be

required to perform some community service. First, it

gives them an opportunity to pay back the community

for the education they have received. Second, it teaches

them about the importance of helping other people.

21. It is not always important to make quick decisions

because people need more time to get information in

order to make good decisions.

Section 3 Guide to Speaking 105

*These points are not necessary to make but can often

strengthen your response. This is called “admitting the

opposition.”

Exercise 16.4

Answers will vary. The following are given as guidelines.

2. Speakers who favor the idea that teachers with special

knowledge must be trained in teaching techniques should

state this in the introduction. The speaker should then

give a brief description of teacher training in general. The

speaker may then want to “admit the opposition” and give

a reason why teachers don’t need training, but then give

stronger reasons why teachers do need special training.

For example, the speaker might say that, no matter how

much the person knows about his her field, teaching is a

special skill that requires training.

Speakers who oppose the idea that teachers with special

knowledge must be trained in teaching techniques should

state this in the introduction. The speaker should then

give a brief description of teacher training in general. The

speaker may then want to “admit the opposition” and give

a reason why teachers do need training, but then give

stronger reasons why teachers do not need special train-

ing. For example, the speaker might say that experts who

have a lot to teach students will not go into teaching

because they don’t want to spend years getting a degree in

education.

3. Speakers who support the idea of school uniforms should

state this in the first line of the response. They may give

one point that opposes school uniforms and then two or

three reasons to support them. The speaker may mention,

for example, that it is cheaper and easier for parents to

dress their children for school if students wear the same

uniform every day.

Speakers who are against the idea of school uniforms

should state this in the first line of the response. They may

give one point that supports school uniforms and then

two or three reasons to oppose them. The speaker may

mention, for example, that clothing is a common way for

young people to express their individuality.

Exercise 16.5

Answers will vary. The following are given as guidelines

1. Speakers in favor of small schools should state this in their

introduction and give a definition of what they consider a

small school to be. They should then list several advan-

tages of a small school, such as the stronger sense of com-

munity that comes when you know many teachers and

students personally.

Speakers in favor of large schools should state this in

their introduction and give a definition of what they con-

sider a large university to be. They should then give several

reasons why it is advantageous to attend a large university.

They might say, for example, that a large school can afford

a better library and better facilities. They might mention

that large schools are generally more famous than small

ones, which can be important when looking for a job.

2. Speakers who support the idea that all technological

changes are good should explain this in the first sentence.

They should then discuss what they mean when they say

technological changes are good. Speakers should then give

reasons why they think this statement is true. They might

mention examples of technology that have had a positive

impact, such as the development of antibiotic drugs and

satellite communications.

Speakers who are against the idea that all technological

changes are good should explain this in the first sentence.

They should discuss what they mean when they say tech-

nological changes are not good. Speakers should provide

examples of technology that has had bad results. They

might mention, for example, that gasoline-burning

engines cause global warming and air pollution.

3. Speakers who like the idea of working at home should

explain that in the first line of their response. They should

describe what it is like to work at home as opposed to

working in an office. They should give some reasons why

they favor working at home. They might say, for example,

that it is convenient and comfortable, and that they don’t

have to waste time and money traveling to their offices.

Speakers who don’t agree with the idea of working at

home should explain that in the first line of their response.

They should describe what it is like to work at home as

opposed to working in an office. They should give some

reasons why they favor working in an office rather than at

home. For example, they might say that working together

builds teamwork and that a worker learns from interacting

with his or her co-workers.

The Integrated Speaking Task

Exercise: Scoring the Response

Response 1 Score: __3__

Comments: The response fully answers the question and the

speaker adequately supports her answer with relevant details.

The speech is generally clear, but there are some pronuncia-

tion problems and the speaker hesitates a lot, requiring some

listener effort.

Response 2 Score: __1___

Comments: The response provides some basic information

from the reading, but little or no information from the con-

versation. The response does not answer the question (about

the female speaker’s opinion of the parking regulations).

Instead, the speaker gives her own opinion of the parking

response. Pronunciation and intonation problems make it

difficult for the listener to understand.

Response 3 Score: __4__

Comments: The speaker clearly understood the reading and

speaking and is able to use the information to answer the

questions and provide details. The relationship between the

ideas is clear and coherent, and the response is fluent and

easily understood.

Integrated Speaking Preview Test

Task 3

Answers will vary, but a successful response summarizes the

key points of the plagiarism policy. It should provide a defini-

tion of plagiarism and mention the system of punishing stu-

dents who plagiarize. The response should give the man’s

opinion of this policy: he approves of it but wishes that it had

been better publicized in the past. That’s because in the past

he unknowingly violated this policy by using part of a paper

from one class in another class without his instructors’

permission.

Task 4

Answers will vary but should include the following elements:

First, the speaker should provide a summary of the main

ideas in the reading. The response should offer a brief defini-

tion of camouflage and note that animals use camouflage for

protection. The speaker should explain that humans expect

camouflaged animals to appear dull and unnoticeable, but

not all camouflaged animals look that way.

The speaker should then report the main idea of the lec-

ture. The lecture describes an animal that does appear

106 Section 3 Guide to Speaking

camouflaged to us, the sloth. The sloth’s dull colors and slow

movements allow it to blend in with its surroundings. The

lecturer then mentions a second animal, the morpho butter-

fly. This animal has bright, colorful wings and does not appear

camouflaged to humans. It is, however, camouflaged from its

predators. They see the flying morphos as flashes of blue sky

against trees.

Task 5

Answers will vary. The speaker should describe Lucy’s prob-

lem. (She is very tired in the afternoon and recently fell asleep

during a class.) The speaker should then mention the man’s

solutions. The man first suggests that Lucy drink some coffee.

She says coffee from the vending machine tastes bad and cof-

fee from the shop downtown is too expensive; also, it makes

her nervous. The man then suggests that she stop by her

dorm between classes and rest. Lucy says she hasn’t taken a

nap since she was quite young. The man says she doesn’t

have to sleep, just relax, and that she will feel better.

The speaker must next give his/her opinion about the two

solutions, and provide reasons. If the speaker chooses the

“coffee solution,” he/she must give good reasons why Lucy

should have coffee in the afternoon. However, since Lucy

doesn’t like coffee and it makes her nervous, it is probably

easier to support the idea that she should rest in her room for

a short time between classes.

Task 6

A good response for this question involves a summary of the

main idea and a mention of some of the details in this lec-

ture. The speaker should indicate that the professor finds

“dialect” and “language” difficult to explain. The speaker

should define what the professor means by the term “dialect”

(forms of a language that can be understood by people who

speak other forms of that language (such as Jamaican English

and Indian English). The speaker should also mention

dialects that do not fit this description (Chinese dialects, for

example). The speaker should give the professor’s definition

of languages: a language cannot be understood by those who

do not speak that language. However, the professor again

gives exceptions to this definition, such as Danish and

Norwegian. The professor says that sometimes a dialect is

considered a language because of national pride.

Task B

Sample notes on reading

Lib. Amnesty Prog

Wk. of Nov. 28-Dec. 2, return bks etc to main library & sci lib, bus

lib, etc.

No fees! No ?’s asked

Help restore collection

Sample notes on conversation

M: This a break . . .

F: ?

M: 5 overdue bks from sci lib chckd out last Spr. forgot return

by Sept cldn’t afford

F: How much a day?

M: 25¢ / day/ bk 5 bks = $1.25/day a lot!

F: Prog ends Fri

M: Return this eve. not able grad if not return lib mat ’l, pay fines

8. The topic of this announcement is the Library Amnesty

Program.

9. If students return library materials this week, they don’t

have to pay fees and don’t have to answer questions.

10. This program helps the library by helping it restore its

collection.

11. The man thinks this is a good announcement.

12. The man feels this way because he owes a lot of money

on the overdue books and because students are not

allowed to graduate until they have returned overdue

materials and paid library fines.

13. The man is going to return his overdue books this evening.

Task C

Sample Notes on reading

Bulletin Brd outside Comp Sci Dept: now rsvrd for official Dept

notices & mssges apprvd by Dept

Current mssges will be removed & new ones must be stamped

by exec sec before posting

Sample notes on conversation

M: Not good—wanted to put up mssge abt rmmate

F: Other bullet brd or campus paper

M: Want to room w/ comp sci major—some1 to talk to abt comps.

F: Just say in ad looking for computer person

But . . . bullet brd so crowded w/ mssges abt rmmates, study grps

etc, that not find real bulletins from Dept

M: True, & many mssges from long ago

14. This announcement is about a new policy regarding the

bulletin board located outside the office of the Computer

Science Department.

15. Only official department notices and messages approved

by the department can go on the bulletin board in the

future.

16. All messages on the board on January 9 will be removed.

17. In the future, all messages on the board must be

approved by the executive secretary.

18. The man is unhappy with the announcement.

19. He is unhappy because he can’t put the message that he

is looking for a roommate on the Computer Science

Department bulletin board.

20. The woman tells the man that he should use other

bulletin boards on campus or put an ad in the campus

newspaper.

21. The man particularly wants to use this bulletin board

because he wants to room with another computer

science major.

22. The man and the woman agree that the bulletin board is

crowded and there are many outdated messages on the

board.

Lesson 17: Announcement/Discussion Task

Exercise 17.1

Answers and notes will vary. The following are given as

examples.

Task A

2. The professor says that the sound of ringing phones is

distracting.

3. Students must either turn off their cell phones or leave

them at home.

4. The professor wrote the memo because four or five cell

phones rang in his class last week.

5. The woman thinks those students are thoughtless. The

man agrees that they are rude.

6. The woman thinks that students should be allowed to

turn off the ring and set the phone to vibrate because

there might be an emergency.

7. The man doesn’t agree with the woman. He agrees with

the professor that it is distracting to see students han-

dling their phones during class. He thinks students can

go for an hour without their phones.

Section 3 Guide to Speaking 107

Task D

Sample notes on reading

Fall Film Fest

2nd annual FFF Oct. 21-23

Shown @ Curtiss Thea in S. Union Bldg & Uptown Thea

24 top indep & loc films

Loc flmmkrs give pres & wkshps

Tickets @ Curt. Thea See Mon paper or go on-line

Sample notes on conversation

F: Go FFF last yr?

M: Yes, but hated evry mov. not mke sense,

F: Some don’t mke sense, some deprssing but not all

M: Saw 3-4 all confus or deprssing

F: So—not want go this yr?

23. The announcement is about a film festival.

24. The festival will feature 24 top independent and local

films. Also, local filmmakers will give presentations and

workshops.

25. The woman isn’t interested in the festival because she

doesn’t like independent films.

26. She feels this way because she attended last year’s festival

and found the films confusing and boring.

27. He finds some independent movies confusing and boring

too, but not all of them.

Exercise 17.2

Answers will vary. The following notes are given as examples.

Task A

Sample notes on reading

Experiment. Particpnts Needed

Psych exprmnt re sleep diffic.

20 F, 20 M

Eligibility

Must be stud, 18-24

" have prob slpg

" spend 1 night/wk in Psych Slp Lab for 4 wks

" non-smoker, good hlth

Complete questionnaire, intervw before begin

Partic: $150 psych stu 1 cred-hr lrn techniq. to slp better

Sample notes on conversation

F: (happy abt experiment)

M: Dangerous?

F: Not med exper. or drugs but think pysch exper harmless take

part in 2 or 3

M: ?

F: Good way get $ & cred hrs

M: Have trouble slping?

F: Yes, 3-4 nights/wk not slp till midnight maybe lrn how slp

better?

Task B

Sample notes on reading

Summer Intern Fair

Purp of fair to provide oppor to mt w/ reps for 40

Task C

Sample notes on reading

Call for auditions

Pub. audit. for G.B. Shaw comedy “Heartbrk Hse”

Audit open to everyone roles avail for actors of all ages

no prior exper

Sample notes on conversation

F: Thght had to be Thea Arts major to try out . . .

M: Thinking abt trying out?

F: Yes . . . was in play in high schl . . . 1 of Shaw’s plays . . .

like Shaw

M: But you only have little expernce . . .

F: Says no prior expernce required if not get part, wrk on cos-

tumes, sets, etc.

Task D

Sample notes on reading

Stress Mngement Wkshp

Final Exam wk stressful

can cause fatigue lower resist to illness

can hurt perform. during exam

Wkshp: will teach you to handle stress

exercise & eat right

monitor stress level

stay cool & calm

Sample notes on reading

F: Y’re signing up for wrkshp?

M: Maybe will help . . .

F: But you seem to handle stress well . . .

M: When taking chem. test, bad anxiety barely finish exam

F: Maybe shld go

notice says will teach you to exer & eat hlthy but no time to do

that during final exam wk

M: Mostly want to learn to deal w/ strss during exams

Exercise 17.3

Answers will vary. The following responses are given as

examples.

Task A

The announcement is a request for participants in a psychol-

ogy experiment. The researcher is looking for students who

have problems sleeping. The woman is excited and wants to

take part in the experiment. The man doesn’t like the idea of

being an experimental participant and worries that it might

be dangerous. She says she wouldn’t take part in medical

experiments but that she thinks these psychological experi-

ments are not dangerous. For her, it is a good way to get extra

money and credit hours. He asks her if she has trouble sleep-

ing, and she says yes, she has trouble sleeping three or four

nights a week and hopes to learn some techniques for falling

asleep.

Task B

The notice announces a Summer Internship Fair. Companies,

foundations, and government agencies are looking for interns

and volunteers. The two students discuss the notice. The man

says that he will attend the fair and seems enthusiastic about

it. The woman asks him if he wants to be a volunteer this

summer. He tells her that not all the positions are volunteer

positions, some are paid internships. He says that an intern-

ship provides good experience and looks good on a résumé.

He gives the example of his sister who got a job at a New York

advertising agency because of her experience as an intern.

Task C

The topic of the announcement is a call for auditions for the

play “Heartbreak House” by George Bernard Shaw. The

announcement says this is one of Shaw’s finest plays.

etc.

seeking students to fill internships 1 volunt. & commun

service positions during summer

Sample notes on conversation

M: I’m going intrnshp fair Sat . . .

F: ? You want to do volunt wk this summer?

M: Not all volunt some internships—& most intrnshps paid

F: Not paid much . . .

M: Sister intern at ad agency—paid OK—good experience lk

good on resume help her find job at NY ad agency

F: Gong to be lifegrd this summer—not lk good on resume but fun

companies

Answer Key - Guide to Speaking.pdf

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