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Reading Essentials and Study Guide
Reading Essentials
and Study Guide
Student Workbook
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TO THE STUDENT
The Reading Essentials and Study Guide is designed to help you use recognized reading
strategies to improve your reading-for-information skills. For each section of the student
textbook, you are alerted to key terms, asked to draw from prior knowledge, organize your
thoughts with a graphic organizer, and then follow a process to read and understand the
text. The Reading Essentials and Study Guide was prepared to help you get more from
your textbook by reading with a purpose.
Copyright © by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Permission is granted to
reproduce the material contained herein on the condition that such material be reproduced only for
classroom use; be provided to students, teachers, and families without charge; and be used solely
in conjunction with United States Government: Democracy In Action. Any other reproduction, for
use or sale, is prohibited without written permission from the publisher.
Send all inquiries to:
Glencoe/McGraw-Hill
8787 Orion Place
Columbus, OH 43240
ISBN 0-07-865918-3
Printed in the United States of America.
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C ONTENTS
UNIT 1 Foundations of American Government
Chapter 1 People and Government
Section 1 Principles of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Section 2 The Formation of Governments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Section 3 Types of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section 4 Economic Theories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Chapter 2 Origins of American Government
Section 1 The Colonial Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Section 2 Uniting for Independence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Section 3 The Articles of Confederation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Section 4 The Constitutional Convention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Chapter 3 The Constitution
Section 1 Structure and Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Section 2 Three Branches of Government . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Section 3 Amending the Constitution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Section 4 The Amendments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chapter 4 The Federal System
Section 1 National and State Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
Section 2 Relations Among the States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Section 3 Developing Federalism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Section 4 Federalism and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
UNIT 2 The Legislative Branch
Chapter 5 The Organization of Congress
Section 1 Congressional Membership. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Section 2 The House of Representatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Section 3 The Senate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Section 4 Congressional Committees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Section 5 Staff and Support Agencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Chapter 6 Development of Congressional Powers
Section 1 Constitutional Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
Section 2 Investigations and Oversight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Section 3 Congress and the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chapter 7 Congress at Work
Section 1 How a Bill Becomes a Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Section 2 Taxing and Spending Bills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Section 3 Influencing Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Section 4 Helping Constituents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
UNIT 3 The Executive Branch
Chapter 8 The Presidency
Section 1 President and Vice President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
Section 2 Electing the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
Section 3 The Cabinet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Section 4 The Executive Office. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Chapter 9 Presidential Leadership
Section 1 Presidential Powers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
Section 2 Roles of the President . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
Section 3 Styles of Leadership . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
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Chapter 10 The Federal Bureaucracy
Section 1 Bureaucratic Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
Section 2 The Civil Service System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
Section 3 The Bureaucracy at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
UNIT 4 The Judicial Branch
Chapter 11 The Federal Court System
Section 1 Powers of the Federal Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
Section 2 Lower Federal Courts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
Section 3 The Supreme Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
Chapter 12 Supreme Court Decision Making
Section 1 The Supreme Court at Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
Section 2 Shaping Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
Section 3 Influencing Court Decisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
UNIT 5 Liberty and Justice for All
Chapter 13 Constitutional Freedoms
Section 1 Constitutional Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
Section 2 Freedom of Religion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
Section 3 Freedom of Speech . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
Section 4 Freedom of the Press . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
Section 5 Freedom of Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
Chapter 14 Citizenship and Equal Justice
Section 1 A Nation of Immigrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
Section 2 The Basis of Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
Section 3 The Rights of the Accused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
Section 4 Equal Protection of the Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
Section 5 Challenges for Civil Liberties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
Chapter 15 Law in America
Section 1 Sources of American Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
Section 2 Civil Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
Section 3 Criminal Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
UNIT 6 Participating in Government
Chapter 16 Political Parties
Section 1 Development of Parties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
Section 2 Party Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
Section 3 Nominating Candidates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
Chapter 17 Elections and Voting
Section 1 Election Campaigns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Section 2 Expanding Voting Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
Voter’s Handbook . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193
Section 3 Influences on Voters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
Chapter 18 Interest Groups and Public Opinion
Section 1 Interest Group Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
Section 2 Affecting Public Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
Section 3 Shaping Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
Section 4 Measuring Public Opinion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
Chapter 19 The Mass Media
Section 1 Structure of the Mass Media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
Section 2 How Media Impact Government. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
Section 3 Regulation of the Media. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
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