8791062-Ada-Programming.pdf

DA P

P ROGRAMMING

ROGRAMMING

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A DA

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Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the

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Image licenses are listed in the section entitled "Image Credits."

Principal authors:

• Martin Krischik ( Contributions )

• Manuel Gómez ( Contributions )

• Santiago Urueña ( Contributions )

• C.K.W. Grein ( Contributions )

• Bill Findlay ( Contributions )

• Simon Wright ( Contributions )

• John Oleszkiewicz ( Contributions )

• Nicolas Kaiser ( Contributions )

• Larry Luther ( Contributions )

• Georg Bauhaus ( Contributions )

• Samuel Tardieu ( Contributions )

• Ludovic Brenta ( Contributions )

• Ed Falis

• Pascal Obry

• Unnamed Hero ( Contributions )

• B. Seidel ( Contributions )

• Allen Lew ( Contributions )

The current version of this Wikibook may be found at:

http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Ada_Programming

Table of Contents

.......16

About Ada........................................................................................................................................

.........16

Programming in the large...............................................................................................................................................16

Programming in the small..............................................................................................................................................17

The Language Reference Manual..................................................................................................................................17

Ada Conformity Assessment Test Suite.........................................................................................................................18

Programming in Ada...................................................................................................

.............................18

Getting Started...............................................................................................................................................................18

Language Features.........................................................................................................................................................18

Computer Programming.................................................................................................................................................19

Language Summary.......................................................................................................................................................19

Predefined Language Libraries......................................................................................................................................19

Other Language Libraries..............................................................................................................................................20

External resources.........................................................................................................

...........................20

Source Code.........................................................................................................................................

.....20

References.................................................................................................................................................

..................21

Resources.......................................................................................................................................................................21

Manuals and guides........................................................................................................................................................21

Associations...................................................................................................................................................................21

Free online books/courses..............................................................................................................................................21

Authors and contributors.............................................................................................................

.............21

.......................23

"Hello, world!" programs..........................................................................................................

...............23

"Hello, world!"...............................................................................................................................................................23

"Hello, world!" with renames........................................................................................................................................24

"Hello, world!" with use................................................................................................................................................24

FAQ: Why is "Hello, world!" so big?............................................................................................................................24

Things to look out for...................................................................................................................

............25

Comb Format.................................................................................................................................................................25

Notes.........................................................................................................................................

................26

Type and subtype...........................................................................................................................................................26

Constrained types and unconstrained types...................................................................................................................26

Dynamic types................................................................................................................................................................27

Separation of concerns...................................................................................................................................................27

3I NSTALLING .............................................................................................................

...............28

............28

DEC Ada from HP.............................................................................................................................

.......29

GNAT, the GNU Ada Compiler from AdaCore and the Free Software Foundation...............................29

GNAT GPL Edition........................................................................................................................................................29

GNAT Modified GPL releases.......................................................................................................................................30

GNAT 3.15p.........................................................................................................................

...........30

..........................31

The GNU Ada Project....................................................................................................................................................31

GNAT for AVR microcontrollers...................................................................................................................................32

Prebuilt packages as part of larger distributions............................................................................................................32

AIDE (for Microsoft Windows)..............................................................................

.......................32

Blastwave (for Solaris on SPARC and x86)................................................................................

...32

1P REFACE .........................................................................................................................

See also...................................................................................................................................

2B ASIC ............................................................................................................

AdaMagic from SofCheck..........................................................................................

.............................28

AdaMULTI from Green Hills Software.......................................................................................

GNAT Pro..............................................................................................................

.........................30

GCC......................................................................................................................

Chapter

..................33

Debian (GNU/Linux and GNU/kFreeBSD)..........................................................................

.........33

...................34

FreeBSD.....................................................................................................................................

.....34

....................35

GNAT for Macintosh (for Mac OS 9 and X)................................................................................35

Mandriva Linux.......................................................................................................

.......................35

MinGW (for Microsoft Windows).................................................................................................

.35

SuSE Linux......................................................................................................................

...............36

....................36

Janus/Ada 83 and 95 from RR Software..............................................................................................

....36

..................37

Power Ada from OC Systems..................................................................................................................

.37

Rational Apex from IBM Rational................................................................................................

...........37

......................37

XD Ada from SWEP-EDS..............................................................................................

.........................37

.......................38

Building with various compilers............................................................................................

..................38

GNAT.............................................................................................................................................................................38

GNAT command line..........................................................................................................

......................38

GNAT with Xcode......................................................................................................

............38

....................39

Rational APEX...............................................................................................................................................................39

ObjectAda......................................................................................................................................................................40

DEC Ada for VMS.........................................................................................................................................................40

DEC Ada IDE.........................................................................................................

........................41

To be completed.............................................................................................................................................................41

Compiling our Demo Source...................................................................................................................

.41

GNAT.............................................................................................................................................................................42

Rational APEX...............................................................................................................................................................42

ObjectAda......................................................................................................................................................................43

ObjectAda commandline...............................................................................................

.................43

See also...................................................................................................................................

..................44

.................................45

Conditionals......................................................................................................................................

........45

if-else..............................................................................................................................................................................45

Optimizing hints.............................................................................................................................................................46

case.................................................................................................................................................................................46

Unconditionals...................................................................................................................................

.......47

return..............................................................................................................................................................................47

goto.................................................................................................................................................................................47

Isn't goto evil?........................................................................................................................

.........................48

Endless Loop..................................................................................................................................................................48

Loop with Condition at the Beginning...........................................................................................................................48

loop with condition at the end........................................................................................................................................49

loop with condition in the middle..................................................................................................................................49

for loop...........................................................................................................................................................................49

for loop on arrays...................................................................................................................

.........47

.........50

Working Demo.........................................................................................................................

.......50

..................51

Wikibook........................................................................................................................................................................51

Ada Reference Manual...................................................................................................................................................51

4 | Ada_Programming-12-2007

Cygwin (for Microsoft Windows)................................................................................

DJGPP (for MS-DOS).................................................................................................

Gentoo GNU/Linux....................................................................................................

ICC from Irvine Compiler Corporation...............................................................................

ObjectAda from Aonix...........................................................................................................

SCORE from DDC-I..........................................................................................................

4B UILDING .......................................................................................................

GNAT IDE................................................................................................................

5C ONTROL .............................................................................................

Loops...............................................................................................................................

See also...................................................................................................................................

......................52

Predefined types..............................................................................................................

..............53

Concurrency Types....................................................................................................................

...............55

Limited Types.........................................................................................................................

..................55

Defining new types and subtypes........................................................................................................

.....55

Creating subtypes...........................................................................................................................................................56

Derived types.................................................................................................................................................................56

Subtype categories............................................................................................................................

........57

Anonymous subtype.......................................................................................................................................................57

Base type........................................................................................................................................................................57

Constrained subtype.......................................................................................................................................................57

Definite subtype.............................................................................................................................................................57

Indefinite subtype...........................................................................................................................................................57

Named subtype...............................................................................................................................................................58

Unconstrained subtype...................................................................................................................................................58

Qualified expressions.........................................................................................................

.................59

Explicit type conversion.................................................................................................................................................60

Change of Representation..............................................................................................................................................61

Checked conversion for non-numeric types...................................................................................................................61

View conversion, in object-oriented programming........................................................................................................62

View renaming.....................................................................................................................

...........63

Address conversion........................................................................................................................................................63

Unchecked conversion...................................................................................................................................................63

Overlays.........................................................................................................................................................................64

Export / Import...............................................................................................................................................................65

See also...................................................................................................................................

..................65

Wikibook........................................................................................................................................................................65

Ada Reference Manual...................................................................................................................................................65

7I NTEGER TYPES .....................................................................................................

..................67

Wikibook........................................................................................................................................................................67

Ada Reference Manual...................................................................................................................................................67

.............68

Description.............................................................................................................................................

..................68

Wikibook........................................................................................................................................................................68

Ada Reference Manual...................................................................................................................................................68

...68

.................................69

Operators and attributes...........................................................................................................................

Characters as enumeration literals.................................................................................................................................70

Booleans as enumeration literals....................................................................................................................................70

Enumeration subtypes.....................................................................................................

.........................70

See also...................................................................................................................................

..................71

Wikibook........................................................................................................................................................................71

Ada Reference Manual...................................................................................................................................................71

.......................72

Description.............................................................................................................................................

...72

Wikibooks | 5

6T YPE S YSTEM ..................................................................................................

.........................52

The Type Hierarchy....................................................................................................................

......................59

Type conversions.....................................................................................................................

Working demo................................................................................................................

..........................67

See also...................................................................................................................................

8U NSIGNED INTEGER TYPES ...........................................................................................

See also...................................................................................................................................

9E NUMERATIONS .....................................................................................

.69

Enumeration literals..................................................................................................................................

10F LOATING POINT TYPES ...................................................................................

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