chap07.pdf
(
13154 KB
)
Pobierz
Early African
Civilizations
2000
B
.
C
.–
A
.
D
. 1500
Section 1
Development of African Civilizations
Section 2
Kingdoms and States of Africa
Section 3
African Society and Culture
MAKING CONNECTIONS
How does the environment impact
where we live?
Mali’s Bandiagara escarpment is a sandstone cliff that rises about
1640 feet (500 m) above sand flats. When the Tellem built houses in
the cliffs, they probably used vines to reach them. Over the years the
climate has changed, and drought has reduced the vegetation. Today
the Dogon people farm and live above or below the cliffs. In this
chapter you will learn about Africa’s civilizations.
• Why might people choose not to live in existing houses?
• What types of natural disasters destroy housing in the
United States?
2000
B
.
C
.
Trade thrives
between Egypt
and Nubia
A
.
D
. 330
Stele of King Ezana,
who converts
to Christianity
c.
A
.
D
. 1000
Bantu spread
ironworking
across Africa
A
FRICA
2000
B
.
C
.
A
.
D
. 100
A
.
D
. 1000
T
HE
W
ORLD
A
.
D
. 630
Muhammad returns
to Makkah
A
.
D
. 800
Charlemagne crowned
Roman Emperor
234
Dave Bartruff/CORBIS, age fotostock/SuperStock
Comparing and
Contrasting
Create a Three-
Pocket book and
use it to store notes about the people,
places, and events of the kingdoms of
Ghana, Mali, and Songhai. Organize the
notes in the appropriate pocket.
Ki
ng
d
o
m
o
f
G
h
an
a
A
.
D
. 1312
Mansa M ¯s ¯ becomes
King of Mali
c.
A
.
D
. 1490
Area south
of Sahara
accepts Islam
A
.
D
. 1500
A
.
D
. 1279
Kublai Khan establishes
the Yuan dynasty in China
(ISTORY
/.,).%
Chapter Overview—
Visit
glencoe.com
to preview Chapter 7.
age fotostock/SuperStock, (t) HIP/Art Resource, NY, (b) AAAC/Topham/The Image Works
Development of African Civilizations
The second-largest continent on Earth, Africa includes a
dazzling array of landforms, from rugged mountains to vast
river basins and deep canyons. Its climate varies from region to
region, from mild climates suitable for farming to rain forests
and arid deserts. Both Africa’s landforms and climate zones
influence the ways in which its people live.
GUIDE TO READING
The BIG Idea
Physical Geography
The widely varied
geography of Africa influenced its culture and trade.
Content Vocabulary
• plateau
(
p. 236)
• savanna
(p
. 237)
The Impact of Geography
Academic Vocabulary
• so-called
(
p. 236)
• resources
(
p. 239)
Africa includes a wide variety of landforms and a number of differ-
ent climate zones that have influenced its history and culture.
HISTORY & YOU
What examples can you give of how landforms and climate
zones vary across North America? Learn why various regions of Africa developed
differently.
People and Places
• Sahara
(p
. 236)
• Great Rift Valley
(
p. 236)
• Congo River
(p
. 236)
• Kalahari Desert
(p
. 237)
• Nubia
(p.
238)
• Kushites
(p.
238)
• Ethiopia
(
p. 239)
• King ‘Ez ¯n ¯
(p
. 239)
The landforms and climates of Africa presented both challenges
and opportunities to its early civilizations.
Landforms
After Asia, Africa is the largest of the continents. It stretches
nearly 5,000 miles (around 8,000 km) from the Mediterranean Sea
in the north to the Cape of Good Hope in the south. The continent
is almost completely surrounded by two oceans and two seas.
As diverse as it is vast, Africa includes several distinct geo-
graphical zones. The northern fringe, on the coast washed by the
Mediterranean Sea, is mountainous along much of its length.
South of the mountains lies the largest desert on Earth, the
Sahara
,
which stretches from the Atlantic Ocean to the Indian Ocean. To
the east is the Nile River, heart of the ancient Egyptian civiliza-
tion. Beyond that lies the Red Sea, separating Africa from Asia.
Africa south of the Sahara is divided into a number of major
regions. In the west is the
so-called
hump of Africa, which juts
like a massive shoulder into the Atlantic Ocean. Here the Sahara
gradually gives way to grasslands in the interior and then to trop-
ical jungles along the coast.
Far to the east is a very different terrain of snow-capped moun-
tains, upland plateaus, and lakes. A distinctive feature is the
Great
Rift Valley,
where mountains loom over deep canyons. Much of
this region is grassland populated by wild animals. Farther to the
south lies the Congo basin, with its dense vegetation watered by
the mighty
Congo River.
The tropical rain forests of this area then
fade gradually into the hills,
plateaus
(relatively high, flat land
areas), and deserts of the south.
Reading Strategy
Cause and Effect
As you read, create a
chart like the one below to help you study.
Cause
Effect
236
CLIMATE ZONES AND GEOGRAPHY OF AFRICA
0°
40°E
60°E
Suez Canal
SINAI PENINSULA
20°E
Canary
Islands
20°W
S
A
H
A
R
A
TRO
PIC OF
CANCE
R
Cape
Blanc
Lake
Nasser
LIBYAN
DESERT
AHAGGAR
MOUNTAINS
NUBIAN
DESERT
TIBESTI
MOUNTAINS
Cape
Verde
Lake
Chad
White
Nile R.
ETHIOPIAN
HIGHLANDS
SOMALI
PENINSULA
Lake
Volta
Lake
Turkana
Tropical
Tropical wet
Tropical dry
Gulf of Guinea
Lake
Albert
EQUATOR
CONGO
BASIN
Dry
Cape
Lopez
Lake
Victoria
Lake
Tanganyika
Kilimanjaro
19,340 ft. (5,895 m)
ATLANTIC
OCEAN
Steppe
Desert
Midlatitude
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
Marine west coast
High latitude
Highland (climate
varies with elevation)
N
Pemba Island
Zanzibar Island
E
W
Cape
Delgado
BIÉ
PLATEAU
Lake
Malawi
S
INDIAN
OCEAN
KATANGA
PLATEAU
a
Lake
Kariba
Madagascar
KALAHARI
DESERT
Africa’s geographical and climatic zones
affect the way its people live.
1.
Human-Environment Interaction
Using the text and map, analyze Africa’s
food production capabilities.
2.
Regions
Explain how Africa’s geography
affected its trading patterns.
r
0
600 kilometers
0
600 miles
Cape of
Good Hope
Lambert Azimuthal
Equal-Area projection
Climate
Africa includes four distinct climate
zones. A mild climate zone stretches across
the northern coast and southern tip of
Africa. Moderate rainfall, warm tempera-
tures, and fertile land produce abundant
crops that can support large populations.
Deserts form another climate zone, cov-
ering about 40 percent of Africa. The Sahara
in the north and the
Kalahari
in the south
are the two largest deserts.
A third climate zone is the rain forest that
stretches along the equator and makes up
about 10 percent of the continent. Heavy
rains and warm temperatures produce dense
forests where little farming and little travel
are possible. The rain forest is home to the
tsetse (SET•see) fly, which infects both ani-
mals and humans with sleeping sickness.
Savannas,
broad grasslands dotted with
small trees and shrubs, exist both north and
south of the rain forest. They cover perhaps
40 percent of Africa’s land area. The savan-
nas get enough rainfall for farming and
herding, but the rain is unreliable.
✓
Reading Check
Identifying
What are Africa’s
four climate zones?
CHAPTER 7
Early African Civilizations
237
Emerging Civilizations
and Religions
Kush
By 2000 b.c., a busy trade had arisen
between Egypt and the area to the south
known as
Nubia.
Egyptian merchants
traveled to Nubia to obtain ivory, ebony,
frankincense (a fragrant tree resin), and
leopard skins. Although Nubia was sub-
ject to Egyptian control for many centuries,
it freed itself around 1000 b.c. and became
the independent state of Kush.
In 750 b.c., Kush conquered Egypt. In
663 b.c., however, the
Kushites,
who were
still using bronze and stone weapons, were
overwhelmed by the Assyrians, who were
armed with iron spears and swords. The
Kushites, driven out of Egypt, returned to
their original lands in the upper Nile valley.
Kush and Axum arose as strong early
civilizations. Later, Islam would influence Africa.
HISTORY & YOU
How do people in your region
benefit from local natural resources? Read how the
early Africans used the resources in their environment.
About seven or eight thousand years
ago, hunters and gatherers in Africa began
to tame animals and grow crops. The mas-
tery of farming, called the Agricultural
Revolution, gave rise to Africa’s first civili-
zations, including Egypt (discussed in
Chapter 2), Kush, and Axum.
THE KINGDOMS OF KUSH AND AXUM
Two Centers of Trade in Africa
Kingdom
Kush
Axum
30°E
35°E
Era
1000
B.C
.–
A.D.
150
A.D.
100–1400
Origins
Nubia, ties to Egypt
Arab colony
EGYPT
Language
Coptic alphabet and
hieroglyphics, later
Meroitic
language
Geez, a Semitic
language, rulers spoke
Greek
0
200 kilometers
Thebes
Religion
Polytheistic, similar to
Egyptian religion
Became Christian state
in
A.D.
330
0
200 miles
Lambert Azimuthal Equal-Area projection
Madinah
(Medina)
Capital
Meroë
—temples, palaces,
observatory, art, pyramids
Axum
—known for
architecture and wealth
TR
OPIC O
F CANC
ER
ARABIA
Other Cities
Napata—old capital of
Kush kingdom
Adulis—port city on
the Red Sea
40°E
Gebel Adda
Makkah
(Mecca)
Karmah
Dongola
45°E
KUSH
Najran
Meroë
The kingdoms of Kush and Axum were both
thriving trade centers. In 350 the Kush
kingdom collapsed after an attack by Axum.
1.
Human-Environment Interaction
How did the location of each kingdom
contribute to its development?
2.
Regions
Which neighboring regions
played a key role in the culture and history
of Kush and Axum?
Soba
Kassala
Adulis
Axum
AXUM
Sennar
Saba
Plik z chomika:
luiza1989
Inne pliki z tego folderu:
chap03.pdf
(21381 KB)
chap07.pdf
(13154 KB)
chap06.pdf
(16338 KB)
chap01.pdf
(11239 KB)
frontmat.pdf
(24931 KB)
Inne foldery tego chomika:
Archaeology Magazine Collection 2011 - 2013
Borys Pasternak
Der Spiegel (2006 - aktualne wydania)
Irving Stone
Keith R. A. DeCandid
Zgłoś jeśli
naruszono regulamin