Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology.pdf

Comyns, Alan E. “Dictionary.”

Encyclopedic Dictionary of Named Processes in Chemical Technology

Ed. Alan E.Comyns

Boca Raton: CRC Press LLC, 2000

Aachen See DR .

A-B [ A dsorptions- B elebsungsverfahren, German, meaning Adsorption-Activation process]

A two-stage *Activated Sludge process for treating sewage and industrial wastes. The first

stage (A) is highly loaded, the second (B) is low loaded. Such a system can cope with sud-

den changes in the quantity and quality of effluent feed. Developed in 1983 by B. Bohnke at

the Technical University of Aachen and subsequently engineered by Esmil, UK.

Horan, N. J., Biological Wastewater Systems, John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, England, 1990, 69.

Gray, N. F., Activated Sludge: Theory and Practice, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1990, 110.

ABATE A process for removing hydrogen sulfide from sour gases such as landfill gas. The

gas, containing oxygen in addition to the hydrogen sulfide, is passed through water contain-

ing an iron chelate compound, which oxidizes the hydrogen sulfide to elemental sulfur.

Dispersants keep the sulfur in suspension until its concentration reaches 10 percent.

Developed by Dow Chemical, derived from the Dow/Shell *SulFerox process.

Chem. Eng. (N.Y.), 1996, 103 (11), 19.

Abbot-Cox A method of applying vat dyes to cellulosic textiles in package form. The dis-

persed dye, with a dispersing agent, is circulated through the package. The dye becomes sub-

stantially transferred to the material by the gradual addition of an electrolyte such as sodium

sulfate. When the dye has been transferred to the fabric, it is reduced in situ. The color is re-

stored by a mild oxidizing agent such as hydrogen peroxide.

Fischer-Bobsien, C.-H., I nternationales Lexicon Textilveredlung+Grenzgebiete, Rhenus

Handelsgesellschaft, Vadus, Liechenstein, 1966, 1123.

ABC Also called Chiyoda ABC. A process for treating heavy hydrocarbons from tar sands

by *hydrocracking. Piloted by the Chiyoda Chemical Engineering and Construction

Company in the 1980s.

Bowman, C. W., Phillips, R. S., and Turner, L. R., in Handbook of Synfuels Technology, Meyers,

R. A., Ed., McGraw-Hill, New York, 1984, 5-73.

Marcos, F. and Rosa-Brussin, D., Catal. Rev., Sci. Eng., 37 (1), 3, 1995.

Ab der-Halden A continuous process for distilling coal tar. It is operated under reduced

pressure with the heat provided by live, superheated steam. This provides a clean separation

of the products, without cracking. Developed in France in the 1920s by C. Ab der-Halden

who formed the company PROABD to exploit it. PROABD is now a division of BEFS

Technologies, Mulhouse, France, which offers this process and others under the same trade

name. Not to be confused with the Abderhalden reaction in biochemistry.

British Patents 239,841; 253,935.

Hoffert, W. H. and Claxton, G., Motor Benzole: Its Production and Use, National Benzole

Association, London, 1957, 38.

Mines, 1957, 12( 53), 223.

Abgas-Turbo-Wascher von Kroll Not a process, but a piece of equipment for scrubbing

flue-gases with an aqueous suspension of lime. Developed by Walter Kroll GmbH and used

in 14 plants in West Germany in 1986.

ACAR See steelmaking .

4A-CAT [ A ctivity a djustment by a mmonia a dsorption] A method for pre-sulfiding and

passivating hydrocracking catalysts. Developed by EUROCAT in 1989.

Chauvel, A., Delmon, B., and Hölderich, W. F., Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 1994, 115, 184.

Accar A direct reduction ironmaking process, using coal and oil as the reductants.

Operated at the OSIL plant at Keonjhar, India, from 1983 to 1987. See DR .

Accent [ A queous c arbon c ompound e ffluent t reatment] A process for oxidizing organic

contaminants in aqueous streams by catalyzed oxidation with sodium hypochlorite. The cat-

alyst is promoted nickel oxide, which retains active oxygen at its surface, as well as adsorb-

ing the organics. Developed by ICI Katalco and first offered in 1998.

Acedox [ Acet ic ox idation] A pulp-bleaching process using peracetic acid as the oxidant.

Developed by Eka Nobel in 1994 and first commercialized, in combination with *Lignox, in

Sweden in 1995.

Acetate A general name for processes for making cellulose acetate fibers. Cellulose is

acetylated, dissolved in acetone, and spun into fibers by injecting through orifices into heated

chambers. Cellulose mono-acetate is made by acetylating with a mixture of acetic acid, acetic

anhydride, and sulfuric acid as the catalyst. Cellulose tri-acetate is made in a similar fashion,

but using perchloric acid as the catalyst, and dry-spinning from a solution in ethanol/

methylene chloride. Cellulose tri-acetate fibers were first made commercially by Courtaulds

in London in 1950.

Peters, R. H., Textile Chemistry, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 1963, Vol. 1 , 187.

Acetex A vapor-phase process for selectively hydrogenating acetylene in the presence of

ethylene. Developed by IFP in France in 1993.

Chem. Eng. News, 1993, 71 (34), 21.

Chauvel, A., Delmon, B., and Hölderich, W. F., Appl. Catal. A: Gen., 1994, 115, 186.

Acetosolv A wood pulping and bleaching process which uses hydrogen peroxide and acetic

acid. See Organosolv .

Eur. Chem. News (Finland Suppl.), 1991, May, 28.

Acetylene Black A process for making carbon black from acetylene by thermal decompo-

sition at 800 to 1,000°C in refractory-lined, water-cooled retorts.

Kühner, G. and Voll, M., in Carbon Black Science and Technology, Donnet, J.-B., Bansai, R. C.,

and Wang, M.-J., Eds., Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, 61.

Claasen, E. J., in Inorganic Chemicals Handbook, Vol. 2, McKetta, J. J., Ed., Marcel Dekker,

New York, 1993, 510.

ACH (1) [ A cetone c yan h ydrin] A process for making methyl methacrylate via this inter-

mediate. Acetone reacts with hydrogen cyanide to yield the cyanhydrin. This is then con-

verted to methacrylamide, using concentrated sulfuric acid. Methanolysis of this yields

methyl methacrylate. Developed by Röhm GmbH Chemische Fabrik, Germany, and ICI, UK;

used in 11 countries in 1990.

Porcelli, R. V. and Juran, B., Hydrocarbon Process., 1986, 65 (3), 39.

Chem. Eng. (N.Y.), 1990, 97 (3), 35.

ACH (2) [ A luminium c hloro h ydrate] This is the common name for some types of basic

aluminum chloride, but the name has been used also to designate the process by which such a

product is made. Several processes are used to make the several commercial aluminum chlo-

ride products available, some of which are proprietary. In general it is necessary to introduce an

excess of aluminum to a chloride solution, such that the atom ratio of aluminum to chlorine is

less than three. The aluminum may be introduced as either the metal or the hydrated oxide.

Acheson (1) A process for making silicon carbide from sand and coke, in an electric fur-

nace, at 2,200 to 2,400°C:

2CO

Invented by E. G. Acheson in Monongahela City, PA, in 1892. He was heating clay and car-

bon by means of an electric arc, in the hope of making diamond. The hard, crystalline prod-

uct was called carborundum in the mistaken belief that it was a compound of carbon and

corundum (alumina). The process and product were patented in 1893 and made on a small

scale in Monongahela City, using the town’s electricity supply. In 1895, The Carborundum

Company was formed to exploit the process in Niagara, NY, using hydroelectric power from

the Falls. This same process is now operated in many countries. The name Carborundum is

a registered trademark owned by the Carborundum Company, NY, and used for several of its

refractory products, in addition to silicon carbide.

U.S. Patent 492,767.

Szymanowitz, R., Edward Goodrich Acheson: Inventor, Scientist, Industrialist, Vantage Press,

New York, 1971.

Mühlhaeuser, O., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 1893, 15, 411.

SiO 2

SiC

Acheson (2) A process for converting carbon articles into graphite, invented by E. G.

Acheson in 1895 and commercialized in 1897. This process uses transverse graphitization,

unlike the *Castner process, which uses lengthwise graphitization.

U.S. Patents 568,323; 617,979; 645,285.

Szymanowitz, R., Edward Goodrich Acheson: Inventor, Scientist, Industrialist, Vantage Press,

New York, 1971.

6NaCl

Operated by the Castner-Kellner Company, Runcorn, England, from 1915 until it was sup-

planted by the *Duplex (2) process in 1950.

Hardie, D. W. F. and Pratt, J. D., A History of the Modern British Chemical Industry, Pergamon

Press, Oxford, 1966, 141.

4Na 2 O 2

6HCl

13H 2 O

2Na 2 [B 2 O 4 (OH) 4 ]

6H 2 O

Acid Bessemer An alternative name for the original *Bessemer steelmaking process in

which the furnace is lined with a silica refractory. It is suitable only for ores relatively free

from phosphorus.

Acid Open Hearth The original version of the *Open Hearth process for steelmaking in

which the hearth is made of a silica refractory. The process does not remove phosphorus or

sulfur, the acid impurities in the iron, so the raw materials must be relatively free from these.

Pioneered by C. W. Siemens and F. M. E. and P. Martin at Sireuil, France, in 1864.

British Patent 2,031, 1864.

Barraclough, K. C., Steelmaking 1850–1900, The Institute of Metals, London, 1990, 137.

ACIMET [ Aci d Met hane] A two-stage, anaerobic digestion process for treating munic-

ipal wastewaters. In the first stage, organic matter is decomposed to a mixture of acids, alde-

hydes, and alcohols. In the second, the carbon in this mixture is anaerobically converted to

methane. Invented in 1974 by S. Ghosh and D. L. Klass at the Illinois Institute of Gas

Technology (IGT), Chicago. First commercialized in 1991 by IGT and DuPage County, IL,

at the Woodridge-Greene Valley Wastewater Treatment Plant.

U.S. Patent 4,022,665.

Ghosh, S., Conrad, J. R., and Klass, D. L., J. Water Pollut. Control Fed., 1975, 47 (1), 30.

Acid A process for making sodium perborate by reacting sodium borate (“borax”) with

sodium peroxide and hydrochloric acid:

Na 2 B 4 O 7

ACR [ A dvanced C racking R eactor] A *thermal petroleum cracking process, the heat

being provided by partial combustion of the feed at 2,000°C. Developed by Chiyoda

Chemical Engineering & Construction Company, Kureha Chemical Industry Company, and

Union Carbide Corp. in the 1970s. A demonstration plant was operated in Seadrift, TX, from

1979 to 1981.

Ishkawa, T. and Keister, R. G., Hydrocarbon Process., 1978, 57 (12), 109.

Hu, Y. C., in Chemical Processing Handbook, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1993, 768.

actiCAT A process for pre-sulfurizing hydrotreating catalysts. Pre-sulfurizing differs from

pre-sulfiding in that the products are complex metal oxysulfides, rather than sulfides. A novel

organic “matrix” retains the sulfur during the conversion process. Developed by CRI

International Inc and offered by that company as a service to the petroleum industry.

Welch, J. G., Poyner, P., and Skelly, R. F., Oil Gas J., 1994, 92 (41), 56.

Blashka, S., Bond, G., and Ward, D., Oil Gas J., 1998, 96 (1), 36.

ACTIFLOW A process for treating raw water. Flocculation of insoluble matter by the ad-

dition of a polyelectrolyte takes place within an agitated bed of fine sand. Developed in

France by OTV and licensed in the UK through General Water Processes.

Actimag A process for reducing metal ions in aqueous solution by metallic iron. The iron

is in the form of particles 1 mm in diameter contained in a fluidized bed and kept in violent

agitation by means of an alternating magnetic field. The agitation accelerates the reaction and

prevents the adhesion of deposits of reduction products. Demonstrated for reducing the

cupric ion to metallic copper, and chromate ion to chromic ion. Developed by Extramet,

France, in the 1980s and offered in the United Kingdom by Darcy Products.

European Patent 14,109.

Bowden, P., Water Waste Treat., 1989, 32 (7), 21.

Bowden, P., Processing, 1990, 27.

Activated MDEA A version of the *MDEA process for scrubbing acid gases from gas

streams, in which the aqueous MDEA solution is regenerated by flashing rather than by strip-

ping. Developed by BASF, Germany in 1971, with the Ralph M. Parsons Co. becoming the

sole licensor in most of the Western Hemisphere in 1982. The process is now operated in

Europe, Canada, and the United States.

Hydrocarbon Process. , 1996, 75 (4), 105.

Activated Sludge A sewage treatment process, developed in the 1920s and soon widely

adopted. Based on the aeration of wastewater with flocculating biological growth, followed

by separation of the treated wastewater. It removes dissolved and colloidal organic material,

suspended solids, some of the mineral nutrients (P- and N-compounds), and some volatile or-

ganic compounds. Generally ascribed to H. W. Clark and S. M. de Gage in Massachussetts

(1912), followed by E. Arden and M. T. Lockett in Manchester (1914). The first plant was in-

stalled in Worcester, England, in 1916.

Arden, E. and Lockett, M. T., J. Soc. Chem. Ind. (London), 1914, 33 (10), 523; (23), 1122.

Ganczarczyk, J.J., Activated Sludge Process: Theory and Practice, Marcel Dekker, New York,

1983.

ADAM-EVA See EVA-ADAM .

Addipol A process for making polypropylene, developed and licensed by Himont, in the

United States, and commercialized in 1988. See also Spheripol .

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