hya3s5v1.pdf

Hydropower and

the Environment:

Present Context

and Guidelines

for Future Action

IEA Technical Report

VOLUME I

Summary and Recommendations

IEA Hydropower

Agreement

CANADA

CHINA

FINLAND

FRANCE

JAPAN

NORWAY

SPAIN

SWEDEN

UNITED

KINGDOM

O VERVIEW OF THE IEA IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT

FOR HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGIES AND PROGRAMMES

The Hydropower Implementing Agreement is a collaborative programme among nine countries: Canada,

China, Finland, France, Japan, Norway, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. These countries are

represented by various organizations including electric utilities, government departments and regulatory

organizations, electricity research organizations, and universities. The overall objective is to improve

both technical and institutional aspects of the existing hydropower industry, and to increase the future

deployment of hydropower in an environmentally and socially responsible manner.

HYDROPOWER

Hydropower is the only renewable energy technology which is presently commercially viable on a large

scale. It has four major advantages: it is renewable, it produces negligible amounts of greenhouse gases,

it is the least costly way of storing large amounts of electricity, and it can easily adjust the amount of

electricity produced to the amount demanded by consumers. Hydropower accounts for about 17% of

global generating capacity, and about 20% of the energy produced each year.

ACTIVITIES

Four tasks are operational, they are: 1. upgrading of hydropower installations, 2. small scale hydro-

power, 3. environmental and social impacts of hydropower, and 4. training in hydropower. Most tasks

have taken about five years to complete, they started in March 1994 and the results will be available in

May 2000. To date, the work and publications of the Agreement have been aimed at professionals in

the respective fields.

UPGRADING

The upgrading of existing hydropower installations is by far the lowest cost renewable energy available

today. It can sometimes provide additional energy at less than one tenth the cost of a new project.

One task force of the Agreement is studying certain technical issues related to upgrading projects.

SMALL SCALE HYDROPOWER

Advances in fully automated hydropower installations and reductions in manufacturing costs have

made small scale hydropower increasingly attractive. The small scale hydropower task force will

provide supporting information to facilitate the development of new projects.

ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL ISSUES

For some hydropower projects the environmental and social impacts have been the subject of vigorous

debate. There is a need to communicate objective information to the public, so that countries can make

good decisions with respect to hydropower projects. The environmental task force will provide such

information on possible social and environmental impacts and on mitigation measures.

TRAINING

The availability of well-trained personnel is a key requirement in the hydropower sector. The training

task force is concentrating on training in operations and maintenance, and planning of hydro power

projects.

INTERNATIONAL ENERGY AGENCY

IMPLEMENTING AGREEMENT FOR

HYDROPOWER TECHNOLOGIES

AND PROGRAMMES

ANNEX III

HYDROPOWER AND

THE ENVIRONMENT:

PRESENT CONTEXT

AND GUIDELINES

FOR FUTURE ACTION

Subtask 5

Report

VOLUME I:

Summary and

Recommendations

May 2000

TECHNICAL REPORTS IN THIS SERIES

Hydropower Upgrading Task Force

(Annex 1)

Guidelines on Methodology for Hydroelectric

Turbine Upgrading by Runner Replacement –

1998 (available to non-participants at a cost

of U.S. $1,000 per copy)

Volume 1: Summary and Recommendations

Volume 2 : Main Report

Volume 3 : Appendices

– 2000 (available to non-participants on request)

Hydropower and the Environment: Effectiveness

of Mitigation Measures – 2000 (available to non-

participants on request)

Guidelines on Methodology for the Upgrading

of Hydroelectric Generators – to be completed

in May 2000

Education and Training Task Force

(Annex 5)

All of the following reports are available on the

Internet at www.annexv.iea.org (some reports

may consist of more than one volume)

Guidelines on Methodology for the Upgrading

of Hydropower Control Systems – to be

completed in 2000

Small-scale Hydropower Task Force

(Annex 2)

Small-scale Hydro Assessment Methodologies –

to be completed in May 2000 (available to non-

participants on request)

Summary of Results of the Survey of Current

Education and Training Practices in Operation

and Maintenance – 1998 (available to non-

participants on request)

Development of Recommendations and Methods

for Education and Training in Hydropower

Operation and Maintenance – 2000 (available

to non-participants on request)

Research and Development Priorities for Small-

scale Hydro Projects – to be completed in May

2000 (available to non-participants on request)

Financing Options for Small-scale Hydro Projects

– to be completed in May 2000 (available to non-

participants on request)

Survey of Current Education and Training

Practice in Hydropower Planning – 1998

(available to non-participants on request)

Global database on small hydro sites available

on the Internet at: www.small-hydro.com

Structuring of Education and Training

Programmes in Hydropower Planning, and

Recommendations on Teaching Material and

Reference Literature - 2000 (available to non-

participants on request)

Environment Task Force

(Annex 3)

Survey on Positive and Negative Environmental

and Social Impacts and the Effects of Mitigation

Measures on Hydropower Development – 2000

(available to non-participants on request)

Guidelines for Creation of Digital Lectures

– 2000 (available to non-participants on request)

Evaluation of Tests – Internet-based Distance

Learning – 2000 (available to non-participants

on request)

A Comparison of the Environmental Impacts

of Hydropower with those of Other Generation

Technologies – 2000 (available to non-

participants on request)

Legal Frameworks, Licensing Procedures, and

Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessments

of Hydropower Developments – 2000 (available

to non-participants on request)

Brochure

A brochure is available for the general public.

Entitled “Hydropower – a Key to Prosperity

in the Growing World”, it can be found on the

Internet (www.usbr.gov/power/data/data.htm)

or be obtained from the Secretary. (address on

the inside back cover)

Hydropower and the Environment: Present

Context and Guidelines for Future Action

IEA HYDROPOWER AGREEMENT • ANNEX III

VOLUME I: Summary and Recommendations

TABLE OF CONTENTS

TECHNICAL REPORTS IN THIS SERIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Lessons Learned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Recent Trends in Hydropower Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Comparative Environmental Analysis of Power Generation Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Comparative Life-cycle Environmental Performance of Hydropower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Environmental and Social Impacts of Hydropower:

State of Knowledge and Challenges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Ethical Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Legal and Regulatory Frameworks and Decision-making Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Recommendation # 1

Energy Policy Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Recommendation # 2

Decision-making Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Recommendation # 3

Comparison of Hydropower Project Alternatives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Recommendation # 4

Improving Environmental Management of Hydropower Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Recommendation # 5

Sharing Benefits with Local Communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

The views presented in this report do not necessarily represent the views

of the International Energy Agency, nor the governments represented therein.

IEA HYDROPOWER AGREEMENT • ANNEX III

iii

VOLUME I: Summary and Recommendations

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