36.pdf

GRAMMAR

REVISION: ARTICLES

THE

We use the when a noun is specific. A noun is specific when:

There is only one: The President; the Pope; the Pacific ocean

The + noun + of : The University of Cambridge.

A clause specifies the noun : The football game that I went to yesterday .

The football game you went to was great.

The football match on TV is boring.

The listener knows which one : Did you go to the cinema yesterday?

The + adjective = group noun: The poor, the rich, the unemployed.

The + noun = concept/idea The computer ( = every computer)

The noun has been mentioned before: I have a new car. The car...

For superlatives :

The highest; the best; the strongest .

For ordinal numbers :

The first, the second, the third etc

UWAGA! The rules for the are stronger than the rules for a/an . For example:

The nature of Canada is beautiful = nature is abstract and so should not normally have an article, but

here it is specific because we use the noun + of structure.

The tables that my mother has are very nice = tables is plural and so we should not normally use an

article but here they are specific because of the clause that my mother has.

OTHER USES OF THE

We use the in the following circumstances:

'Plural' countries:

the Netherlands, the United States

Groups of islands:

The Times, The Daily Mirror, The Evening Standard*

Rivers and oceans:

the Thames, the Danube, the Pacific, the Atlantic

Deserts:

the Sahara, the Gobi, the Atacama

Musical instruments:

the piano, the flute, the cello

Mountain ranges:

the Himalayas, the Andes, the Tatras*

Hotels:

the Park Hotel, the Ritz, the Hilton

The + language:

the English language, the French language*

Times of day:

the morning, the afternoon, the evening *

Historical periods:

the eighties, the 1970s, the seventeenth century*

Names of ships:

the Titanic, the SS Indianapolis

Public bodies:

the Police, the Army, the Government

Newspapers:

the Bahamas, the Azores, the Cyclades*

Parts of a city:

the centre, the suburbs, the outskirts*

* see exceptions below

We don't use the and a/an in the following circumstances:

Abstract nouns

love, happiness, nature

'Singular' countries:

France, Germany, England

Individual islands:

Rhodes, Ibiza (BUT the Isle of Man )

Languages:

French, German, English

Magazines:

Vogue, GQ, ewsweek

Cities, towns, villages:

London, Paris, Lithohoro

Streets:

London Road, Halfmoon Avenue

Lakes:

Lake Windermere, Lake Superior, Lake Geneva

Single mountains:

Everest, K2, Olympus, Ben Nevis ( but the Eiger)

Abstract nouns:

love, nature, anger, independence

Days, months, years:

Wednesday, October, 1971 (BUT the 17 th of May)

Meals:

breakfast, lunch, dinner

Sports and games:

football, chess, rugby

Historical places:

Ancient Greece, Victorian England

Holidays:

Easter, Christmas, New Year

Companies/Shops

Marks and Spencer's, Harrods

Night:

NOT *the night

PRACTICE (1)

Fill the gaps with a/an, the or nothing:

Uzupełnij luki przedimkiem: a/an , the lub nic .

1) I haven't got ........... camera.

2) ............ man I told you about is very tall.

3) ........... big man hit me with ......... heavy wooden stick.

4) ........... love is like .................. chocolate.

5) I've never seen such .............. terrible film!

6) This game is ............ great fun, isn't it?

7) She gave me ............ kiss on my .......... cheek.

8) It was ............. rainy day in July.

9) .......... huge cat ate my hamster.

10) ........... president has arranged to meet ........ pope this evening.

11) ........... capital of France is Paris.

12) .......... football game that I went to yesterday was excellent!

13) Did you go to ............ cinema yesterday?

14) This country has a major problem with ........... poor.

15) ......... washing machine is perhaps .......... greatest technological invention.

16) My father has bought ....... new car. ........ car has only three wheels.

17) ........... highest mountain in ............ world is Everest.

18) That's ........... first time I've ever seen ........... chicken fly!

Continents:

Africa, Asia, Europe

PRACTICE (2)

Fill the spaces with a suitable article, a/an, or the . Some spaces do not require an article. Think carefully

about each noun and ask yourself these questions:

Is the noun singular or plural?

Is the noun specific or common?

Is the noun countable or uncountable?

Does the noun have it's own special rule?

Uzupełnij luki odpowiednim przedimkiem: a/an lub the . iektóre luki nie wymagają przedimka. Pomyśl

uważnie o każdym rzeczowników i zadaj sobie następujące pytania:

Czy rzeczownik jest w liczbie pojedynczej czy mnogiej?

Czy rzeczownik jest specyficzny czy pospolity?

Czy rzeczownik jest policzalny czy niepoliczalny?

Czy rzeczownik posiada swoje „własne” zasady?

____ first time I ever visited ____ United States, I was amazed at ____ height of ____ buildings that can be

seen in some ____ large cities. One of ____ highest is ____ Sears Tower in ____ Chicago. On ____ top floor

there is ____ restaurant where you can buy ____ variety of ____ tasty meals including ____ spaghetti, soups

and ____ Chinese food. I was staying at ____Ritz Hotel, which is ____ very expensive place to stay.

However, ____ service they offer is ____ best in _____ world. I can recommend it.

VOCABULARY

HOUSE 2

Write the names of these domestic objects/rooms.

apisz nazwy przedmiotów/pomieszczeń domowych.

Piece of furniture to rest your feet

S…………….

Press this to turn on/off a light

S…………….

A small light

L…………….

Place to keep your socks, for example

D…………….

Flat object for carrying plates etc

T…………….

Keeps you warm in winter (metal object)

R…………….

A large cup, for coffee maybe

M…….………

Room in a house used for cooking

K……………

It looks like a box with a door used for cooking

O……………

A big comfortable chair with support for your arms

A…………….

You use it to eat soup

S…………….

People have their meals in this room

D……………

You will find a bath or shower, a washbasin and a toilet there

B……………

You put your rubbish in it

B……………

For storing things in the kitchen

C…………….

Vocabulary from the unit:

abstract nouns – rzeczowniki abstrakcyjne

carry nosić

cheek policzek

circumstances okoliczności

clause zdanie

concept pojęcie

desert pustynia

group nouns – rzeczowniki oznaczające grupy ludzi (np. bezrobotni)

hamster chomik

height wysokość

historical period – okres historyczny

invention wynalazek

listener słuchacz

major ważny

mention wspominać

mountain range – łańcuch górski

mug kubek

ordinal numbers – liczby porządkowe

perhaps może

radiator kaloryfer

recommend – zalecać, radzić

rest odpoczywać

rubbish śmieci

ship statek

specific specyficzny

specify – wyszczególniać, precyzować

stick – patyk, kij

stool – taboret, stołek

store przechowywać

stronger – silniejszy, mocniejszy

superlative – stopień najwyższy

support – podpora, wsparcie

switch wyłącznik

tasty smaczny

tray tacka

a variety of – wiele różnych

washbasin umywalka

wooden drewniany

Lesson 4 – answer key

GRAMMAR

Practice 1

1. I haven't got a camera.

2. The man I told you about is very tall.

3. A big man hit me with a heavy wooden stick.

4. Love is like chocolate.

5. I've never seen such a terrible film!

6. This game is great fun, isn't it?

7. She gave me a kiss on my cheek.

8. It was a rainy day in July.

9. A huge cat ate my hamster.

10. The President has arranged to meet the pope this evening.

11. The capital of France is Paris.

12. The football game that I went to yesterday was excellent!

13. Did you go to the cinema yesterday?

14. This country has a major problem with ........... poor.

15. The washing machine is perhaps the greatest technological invention.

16. My father has bought a new car. The car has only three wheels.

17. The highest mountain in the world is Everest.

18. That's the first time I've ever seen a chicken fly!

Practice 2

The first (ordinal number) time I ever visited the United States (plural country), I was amazed at the ( the + of) height of

the buildings ( buildings is described by that can be seen ) that can be seen in some ____ large cities (cities is plural). One

of the highest (superlative) is the Sears Tower (there is only one) in ____ Chicago (we don't use articles for cities). On

the top (only one top floor) floor there is a restaurant (a nonspecific restaurant) where you can buy a variety (a + of =

nonspecific variety) of ____ tasty meals ( meals is plural) including ____ spaghetti (uncountable), soups (plural) and

____ Chinese food (uncountable) . I was staying at the Ritz Hotel (the + hotel), which is a very expensive place

(countable, common, singular) to stay. However, the service ( service is described by they offer ) they offer is the best

(superlative) in the world (only one world). I can recommend it.

VOCABULARY

House 2

Piece of furniture to rest your feet

STOOL

Press this to turn on/off the light

SWITCH

Place to keep your socks, for example

DRAWER

For storing things in the kitchen

CUPBOARD

Flat object for carrying plates etc

TRAY

Keeps you warm in winter (metal object)

RADIATOR

A large cup, for coffee maybe

MUG

Room in a house used for cooking

KITCHEN

It looks like a box with a door used for cooking

OVEN

A big comfortable chair with support for your arms

ARMCHAIR

You use it to eat a soup

SPOON

People have their meals in this room

DINING ROOM

You will find a bath or shower, a washbasin and a toilet there

BATHROOM

You put your rubbish in it

BIN

A small light

LAMP

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