Conservation_of_Wood_Artifacts.pdf

Series Editors

Professor Dr. Bernd Herrmann

lnstitut fUr Anthropologie

Universitit Gottingen

BiirgerstraBe 50

37073 Gottingen) Germany

E-mail: bherrma@gwdg.de

Authors

Dr. rer. nat. Achim Unger

Staatliche Museen zu Berlin

Rathgen-Forschungslabor

SchlossstraBe la

14059 Berlin, Germany

E-mail: aunger@t-online.de

Professor Dr. Giinther A. Wagner

Institut Ur Archaeometrie

Max-Planck-Institut Ur Kernphysik

Saupfercheckweg 1

69117 Heidelberg, Germany

E-mail: gwagner@goanna.mpi-hd.mpg.de

Professor Dr. Arno P. Schniewind

Forest Products Laboratory

University of California at Berkeley

1301 South 46th Street

Richmond, CA 94804-4698, USA

E-mail: arnops@nature.berkeley.edu

We owed to wood so very much. We wasted nothing of it.

t held up our houses and fueled our ires. We made our tools

from it, we made our vessels from it.

Professor Dr. rer. nat. Wibke Unger

University of Applied

Sciences Eberswalde

Wood Science and Technology

Alfred-Maller-StraBe 1

16225 Eberswalde, Germany

E-mail: wunger@fh-eberswalde.de

When we brought down a tree, it was long work to make it

it into our world of useful things. But it brought us beauty.

ISBN 3-540-41580-7 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg New York

Ealy People Exhibition

Museum of Scotland, Edinburgh

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publkation Data

Unger,Achim.

Conservation of wood artiacts : with 69 igures and 5 tables' A. Unger, A.P.

Schniewind, W. Unger.

p. cm. - (Natural science in archaeology)

Includes bibliographical references.

ISBN 3540415807

1. Archaeology - Methodology. 2. Woodwork - Conservation and restoration - Handbooks, manuals, etc.

3. Wood - Preservation - Handbooks, manuals, etc. 4. Wood - Chemistry - Handbooks, manuals, etc.

5. Antiquities - Collection and preservation - Handbooks,manuals, etc. 6. Cultural property - Protection.

I. Sch.1liewind,

Arno P. 11. Unger, Wibke. Ill. Title. IV. Series.

CC137.W6 U54 2001

702.8'8 - dc21

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Preface

The impetus for this book was the desire to systematically organize the extant

literature on the conservation of cultural property made of wood, from its

beginnings before the Christian Era to the year 2000. Various published

reviews and monographs, including Holzkonservierung (Wood Conserva

tion) published by the senior author in 1988, have appeared over the years,

especially in English and in German. They have provided exemplary treat

ment of individual areas or aspects of wood conservation, but a comprehen

sive, up-ta-date exposition of historic and current developments has been

lacking. The diverse professionalields of the authors, as well as their insights

into methods of conservation and restoration of wood artifacts in Europe,

North America, and Asia provided a solid basis for the success of this under

taking. One of the goals during the examination of the literature was that not

only well-known conservators and scientists from countries that are leaders

in wood conservation should be represented, but that less well-known, often

not as readily acc e ssible contributions should also be included. Only in this

manner was it possible to draw a comprehensive picture of the national and

international state of wood conservation. The Art and Archaeology Technical

Abstracts (AATA) of the Getty Institute were very helpful in our efforts to

evaluate as many publications as possible.

This book is not to be understood as a collection of recipes, although

there are many instances where techniques of conservation are described in

some detail. The use of conservation materials should take place only

when all other possibilities have been exhausted. Conservators/restorers must

understand very clearly that the preservation of an object by the application

of conservation materials and methods is accompanied by a loss of original

ity. Any treatment should be based on the premise "as little as possible, as

much as necessary." Unfortunately, objective criteria and methods for deter

mining how much intervention is really necessary are rarely at hand. One

essential question is whether the original properties of the native wood of a

damaged object should be reestablished, or whether only a condition per

mitting safe presentation of the object is required. The number of cases where

former restorations are being removed again is increasing continually, and the

choice of conservation materials and methods must therefore be made espe

cially carefully and responsibly. There are all too many examples of cases

where the application, with the best of intentions, of conservation materials

VIII

Preface

and methods resulted in a noticeable worsening of the condition of treated

objects with the passage of time. The inevitable, gradual deterioration of

objects should be slowed down and should not be accelerated by ill

considered conservation measures.

The authors proceed from the premise that nothing is perfect and that

everything is in need of continual improvement. They wonld therefore be

grateful for comments on the book that would eradicate errors, replenish the

missing, and rescue the forgotten from anonymity.

Many colleagues and associates have supported the development of this

book and have been of great help in its realization. We are especially indebted

to Professor Frank C. Beall, Professor W. Wayne Wilcox, Ms. Gail Getty,

Dr. Harald Berndt, Dr. Rod Eaton, Mr. Oskar Dietterie, Mr. Klaus Pelz and

Mr. Hans-Peter Wunderlich. Special thanks go to Mrs. Edith Boche for her con

tinual assistance and patience during the preparation of this book.

Last, not least, the authors would like to thank Mrs. Christiane Glier of

Springer-Veriag for her cooperation and helpful support.

Contents

In tr oduction .. .... ...... . . ............ .... ...... ... . .. .. .

History of Wo od Con servation . ........... . ... ......

References ......................................

2 Wo od Structure ..................................

2.1 Macroscopic Structure .............................

2.1.1 Recent Wood ....................................

2.1.2 Historical Wood ..................................

2.2 Microscopic Structure .............................

2.2.1 Recent Wo od ............................ ........

2.2.2 Historical Wood ..................................

2.3 Chemical Composition of Wood .....................

2.3.1 Recent Wood ....................................

2.3.1.1

2.3.1.2

2.3. 2

2.3.2.1

2.3.2.2

2.4

1 5

References ........... . . ....... . . ................ 21

Berlin, Berkeley and Eberswalde,

June 2001

A. Unger

A.P. Schniewind

W. Unger

Elementary Composition ...........................

Chemical Components .............................

Historical Wood ..................................

Elementary Composition .. ........................ .

Chemical Components .............................

Ultrastructure of the Cell Wall ..................... .

3.1

3.1.1

3.1.2

3.2

3. 2.1

3. 2.2

3.3

3.3.1

3.3.2

2 3

References . . ..... ..................... . .... ..... 41

, 4

4.1

Corr osion Behavior of Wo od .......................

Effect of Chemical Media ..........................

Wo od Pr oper ties .................................

Wood-Moisture Relations ..........................

Recent Wood ....................................

Historical Wood ..................................

Density of Wood .................................

Recent Wood .. ..................................

Historical Wood ..................................

Strength and Stiffness Properties ....................

Recent Wood ....................................

Historical Wood ..................................

Contents

4. I

4.1.2

4.1.3

4.1.4

4.1.5

4.1.6

4.2

Water .................... ...................... 43

Acids and Bases ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Salts ......... ........ ....... .... .............. . 44

Gases .... ..................... ...... .... .... ... 45

Metals.......................................... 46

Corrosive Effects of Wood on Materials ... ..... ....... 46

Weathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

References . . .................... ..... ..... ... . . . 48

5.3

5.3.1

5.3.2

5.4

5.4.1

5.4.2

Bacteria ............................ ........... 132

Bacteria Destroying Pit Membranes ....... ........... 132

Bacteria Destroying Wood Cell Walls . . ............... 133

Marine Borers ..... .......................... . ... 134

Te redinidae ................... .................. 134

Limnoridae ............................... ...... 135

References ......... ................. ........... 136

5.1

5.I

5.1.2

5.1.3

5 .1.4

5.1.5

5.1.5.1

5.1.5.2

5 .1.5.3

5.1.6

5.1.7

5.1.8

5.1.9

Biological Deterioration of Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Insects .......... . ..... ... ................ ... ... 5 1

Classification .......... ........ .................. 5.1

Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Development and Reproduction ................. . . . . 53

Physiology ...................... ........... . . . .. 55

Wood-Destroying Insects ....... ... .... .... ....... 56

Coleoptera (Beetles) ........... ........... ........ 56

Isoptera (Termites) ........ ..... ..... ... .......... 73

Siricidae (Wood Wasps) ......... ..... ............. 79

Other Insect Pests of Wood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Enemies of Wood-Destroying Insects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Monitoring of Insect Infestations . . .................. 88

Attacks on Surface Decorations, Glues,

and Consolidants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Fungi ........................... ............... 90

Ta xonomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Morphology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Reproduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Physiology ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Types of Damage to Wood ...... . .................. 99

Wood Decomposition ....... .............. ........ 99

Fungal Stain and Surface Molds . ................. ... 105

Wood-Destroying Fungi . ........ ...... ............ 108

Basidiomycota ....... ... ... . . .......... .......... 108

Ascomycota and Deuteromycota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121

Staining Fungi and Surface Molds ................... 122

Ascomycota and Deuteromycota . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

Viability Tests of Fungi ................... ......... 127

Growth Test .............. ............. .......... 127

Color Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128

Determination of Adenosin Triphosphate (ATP) ........ 128

Immunological Determination ........ .............. 129

Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) ... ... . 129

Attack on Consolidants and Coatings for Wood . . . . . . . . . 129

Dangers to Health from Wood-Destroying Fungi . . . . . . . . 131

6.1

6.2

6.3

6.4

6.5

6.6

6.7

6.8

6.9

Diagnosis of Wood Condition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

Mechanical Procedures ..... ........ .......... ..... 144

Electrical Methods . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . 147

Optical Methods ................. . . ......... ..... 149

Acoustic Methods .............. .. ........... . ... 151

Thermographic Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

Radiographic Methods ......... .... ........... . .. 153

Nuclear Magnetic Methods .......... ........... .... 157

Chemical and Biological Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . . . . 158

References ..... ........................... .. ... . 159

7.1

7.2

7.2.1

7.2.I

7.2.2

7.2.2.1

7.2.3

7.2.3.1

7.2.4

7.2.4.1

7.2.5

7.2.5.1

7.2.6

7.2.6.1

7.2.6.2

7.2.7

7.2.7.1

7.2.7.2

7.2.7.3

7.2.8

7.2.8.1

7.2.8.2

7.2.8.3

7.3

Liquid Wood Preservatives .......... . .............. 165

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Inorganic Biocides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Alkali Chlorides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Sodium Chloride ........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168

Copper Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Copper(II) Sulfate and Other Copper Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169

Mercury Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Mercury(II) Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171

Zinc Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Zinc(II) Chloride and Other Zinc Salts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173

Arsenic Compounds ... ............. .............. 174

Arsenic Trioxide and Arsenic Salts ................... 174

Fluorine Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175

Sodium Fluoride and Other Fluorides .. .............. 175

Fluorosilicates . . ............. .................... 177

Boron Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

Boric Acid ...... . . . .. ..................... . ..... 179

Borax .......................................... 180

Polybor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

Chromium Compounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Sodium Dichromate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183

Potassium Dichromate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

Chromiwn(VI) Oxide . .............. .............. 184

Organic Biocides ........ .............. .. ......... 185

5.2

5.2.1

5.2.2

5.2.3

5.2.4

5.2.5

5.2.5.1

5.2.5.2

5.2.6

5.2.6.1

5.2.6.2

5.2.7

5.2.7.1

5.2.8

5.2.8.1

5.2.8.2

5.2.8.3

5.2.8. 4

5.2.8.5

5.2.9

5.2.10

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