2008 Ochmian, Grajkowski, Skupień Field performance, fruit chemical composition and firmness under cold storage and simulated 'shelf lifre' conditions of three blue honeysucke.PDF
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Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research
Vol. 16, 2008: 83-91
FIELD PERFORMANCE, FRUIT CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION AND FIRMNESS UNDER COLD
STORAGE AND SIMULATED “SHELF-LIFE”
CONDITIONS OF THREE BLUE HONEYSUCKLE
CULTIGENS (
Lonicera caerulea
)
I r e n e u s z O c h m i a n
1
, J ó z e f G r a j k o w s k i
1
a n d K a t a r z y n a S k u p i eń
2
1
Pomology Department, Agricultural University
Janosika 8, 71-424 Szczecin, POLAND
Phone: 091 422 08 51 ext. 393, e-mail: ochmian@o2.pl
2
Laboratory of Plant Raw Materials Processing and Storage
Agricultural University, Sowackiego 17, 71-434 Szczecin, POLAND
(Received November 29, 2007/Accepted April 30, 2008)
A B S T R A C T
Three cultigens of blue honeysuckle (‘Wojtek’, ‘Czarna’ and seedling “N”) were
compared with each other in a two-year experiment carried out in the climatic
conditions of Western Pomerania, Poland. The greatest crops in 2006 and 2007 were
obtained from ‘Wojtek’ cultivar (1118 g and 755 g per a bush, respectively), whereas
the yields of ‘Czarna’ and “N” were significantly lower. The bushes of ‘Czarna’ gave
the lowest windfall of fruit (8.55% at average for two years). This cultivar produced
berries with the highest weight of 100 fruits (115 g) and the highest firmness
(220 Gmm
- 1
). On the other hand, in each year of the experiment the fruit of “N”
seedling had the highest dry weight (13.90%), soluble solids (11.85%) and vitamin C
(85.30 mg 100 g
-1
) contents.
During cold storage (temp. 2-3
o
C, relative air humidity 96%) and in the simulated
“shelf-life” conditions (temp. 20
o
C, relative air humidity 75%), some changes in fruit
weight and firmness were observed. However, immediate cooling of berries after
harvest prolonged the time of their storage up to seven days. On the other hand,
berries kept for eight hours in “shelf-life” conditions showed considerable loss of
mass (10%) and significant lowering of firmness.
Key words
: blue honeysuckle, yield, firmness, fruit chemical composition
I. Ochmian et al.
INT R OD UCT IO N
control of honeysuckle is limited to the
“as
needed”
occasions
(Thompson,
The gender
Lonicera
comprises
approximately 200 species. The first
report about the cultivation of blue
honeysuckle (
Lonicera caerulea
) was
published in 1894 (Plekhanova, 2000).
The majority of
Lonicera
species
have inedible or even poisonous fruit.
The plants bearing edible fruit belong to
Caerulea
Red. section. It comprises
Lonicera caerulea
var.
edulis
Reg.,
L.
caerulea
var.
tanganica
Max.,
L.
caerulea
var.
kamtschatica
Sevast. and
L. caerulea
var.
altaica
(Pall.) Sweet
(Bieniek et al., 2005).
Both edible and inedible species
are distributed throughout Northern
hemisphere, mostly in the temperate
regions. The blue honeysuckle is
widely cultivated in Russia, China,
and Japan, and has recently been
introduced into the USA (Chaovanalikit
et al., 2004). Throughout Europe, the
climatic conditions are propitious for
the cultivation of
Lonicera
bushes.
The plants are frost-resistant and
they do not get frozen even when the
temperature drops below -40
o
C,
whereas expanded flowers do not get
injured down to -8
o
C. The Siberian
types are said to be hardy even at -
50
o
C (Bors, 2008). However, the best
growth and fruit bearing are obtained
from the plants grown in sunny
regions where the fruit ripen several
days before strawberries and raspberries
(Marková, 2001; Hummer, 2006).
When weather conditions are favorable,
the fruit start ripening even in May
(Arus and Kask, 2007). The bushes
and fruit are rarely infested by pests
or
2007).
Blue honeysuckle is also called
honeyberry, sweetberry honeysuckle,
edible honeysuckle and, in Japan,
haskap or haskappu (Bors, 2008).
The flesh of fruit is dark-purple,
aromatic, juicy, sweet and sour, and
their taste resembles that of bilberry
(Kawecki, 1996). However, the taste
of honeysuckle berries is frequently
bitter, especially when the fruit is
obtained from plants grown from
seeds. The fruit are rich in minerals
anthocyanins, phenolic compounds
and possess high antioxidant capacity
(Oszmiański et al., 1995; Thompson
and Chaovanalikit, 2003; Jordheim et
al., 2007; Skupień et al., 2007;
Suzuki et al., 2007). The
Lonicera
berries are considered to be very
healthy and have anti-inflammatory
and anti-bacterial activities (Park et
al., 2005; Jin et al., 2006). The growing
interest in cultivation of honeysuckle
has contributed to breeding new
cultivars. Therefore, the research was
undertaken on physical features (mass
and firmness of the fruit) and chemical
composition (dry matter, soluble solids,
titratable acidity, ascorbic acid, and
nitrate contents) of the new Polish
honeysuckle cultivars.
M AT E R IAL A ND M E T HODS
The experiment was carried out
in the years 2005-2007 at the Experi-
mental Station of Agricultural
University of Szczecin at Rajkowo ,
North-Western Poland. Two Polish-
bred cultivars of blue honeysuckle
pathogens,
thus
the
chemical
84
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 16, 2008: 83-91
Physicochemical feature of blue honeysuckle cultigens
‘Czarna’, ‘Wojtek’ and non-specified
seedling “N” were tested. The bushes of
‘Czarna’ and ‘Wojtek’ were obtained
from a nursery of Polish breeders. The
seedlings of “N” were purchased as
L. caerulea
var.
kamtschatica
Sevast
without any further specification. The
genetic tests carried out at Agricultural
University of Szczecin showed that
the Polish-bred cultivars were phylo-
genetically different compared with
the Russian ones.
Two year-old potted plants were
planted in the spring of 2005 into
well-drained brown soil at the spacing
of 3 × 1 m. The soil (III quality class)
was rich in nutrients. The randomized
block experimental design was used
with three replicates (four bushes per
a plot).
The fruit were collected subse-
quently as they achieved the stage of
full ripeness. To determine the total
yield and fruit drop, in 2006 the berries
of ‘Wojtek’ and the “N” seedling were
harvested eight times, whereas in 2007
– seven times. The fruiting of the
cultivars began in the middle of May.
The fruit of ‘Czarna’ were collected
in both years four times starting with
the beginning of June.
The yield per bush was measured
in grams (g), the fruit drop was
expressed in percents (%), the mass of
100 fruits was determined in grams (g),
and the firmness of 50 randomly
selected berries from each replication
was measured with the non-destructive
computerized device FirmTech
2 (BioWorks, USA) directly after
harvest (0) and after 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 16,
24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168 h of
storage in a cold room (temp. 2-3
o
C,
relative air humidity 96%) or in
simulated “shelf-life” conditions (temp.
20
o
C, relative air humidity 75%)
(Grajkowski, 1995). The firmness and
fruit mass measurements were con-
ducted twice in 2006 and 2007.
Dry weight was determined by
gravimetric method, soluble solids
with Abbé refractometer, vitamin
C content by iodometric method
according to Samotus et al. (1982).
Titratable acidity was determined by
potentiometric method using pH-meter
Orion 720 A, USA, and expressed as
equivalents of citric acid.
The results obtained were
subjected to statistical analysis using
Statistica 7.1 (Statsoft, Poland). The
analysis of variance in the form of
two-year synthesis for fixed model
was applied for yield and fruit
chemical composition . The values
were evaluated by the Duncan test
and the differences at p < 0.05 were
considered significant.
RE S UL T S A N D D IS C US S IO N
In the first year of cultivation,
only very low yield of berries was
obtained (up to 55 g per a bush). In
2006 the yield of ‘Wojtek’ (1118 g
per bush) was more than twice as bg
as the yield of ‘Czarna’ and “N”
(Tab. 1). However, in 2007 the yield
of ‘Wojtek’ and ‘Czarna’ decreased
(by 32 and 16%, respectively),
whereas the yield of honeysuckle
seedling “N” increased slightly (by
9%). Regarding the total three-year
yield, the productivity of ‘Wojtek’
was significantly higher compared
with the other cultigens. In the third
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 16, 2008: 83-91
85
I. Ochmian et al.
T a b l e 1 . Yield and quality traits of three blue honeysuckle fruit cultigens
Fruit drop
[%]
Mean weight of 100 fruits
[g]
Yield per bush [g]
Cultigen
Year
2007/2008
average
2007/2008
average
2006
2007
total
2006
2007
2006
2007
N
478a
519a
997a
24.2c
19.7c
21.95c
74.8a
82.6a
78.7a
Wojtek
1118b
755b
1873b
16.7b
15.6b
16.15b
86.0a
92.0b
89.0a
Czarna
547a
459a
1006a
6.9a
10.2a
8.55a
101.6b
128.4c
115.0b
T a b l e 2 . Chemical composition of three blue honeysuckle fruit cultigens
Soluble solids
[%]
Dry weight
[%]
Titratable acidity
[g citric acid 100g
-1
]
Vitamin C
[mg 100g
-1
]
Cultigen
Year
2006/
2007
average
2006/
2007
average
2006/
2007
avrage
2006/
2007
average
2006
2007
2006
2007
2006
2007
2006
2007
N
12.1b
11.6c
11.9b
13.96c
13.84c
13.90c
2.82a
3.61b
3.22b
72.6b
98.0b
85.3b
Wojtek
10.0a
11.0b
10.5a
12.62b
12.97b
12.80b
3.52b
3.43b
3.48b
69.9b
83.1b
76.5b
Czarna
9.8a
10.4a
10.1a
11.63a
12.01a
11.82a
2.99a
2.48a
2.74a
40.5a
65.5a
53.0a
year of the experiment the yield
ranged from 755 g (‘Wojtek’) to 459 g
(‘Czarna’). According to Kawecki
(1996) five-year-old honeysuckles
yield 1000 g per bush, whereas Golis
(2007) reports 2300 g for five-year-
old bushes of ‘Wojtek’.
The drop of ripe fruit is a serious
problem in the cultivation of
Lonicera
cearulea
. In the experiment the fruit
drop ranged from 24.2% (“N”in
2006) to 6.9% (‘Czarna’ in 2006)
(Tab. 1). Among the three cultigens
tested the least tendency for fruit-
shed in each year was observed in
‘Czarna’, while the highest one was
observed in the “N” seedling.
The
fruits (101.6 g in 2006 and 128.4 g in
2007) in comparison with that of
‘Wojtek’ and the ”N” seedling (Tab.
1). The two-year mean fruit weight
ranged from 0.8 g for ”N” seedling to
1.15 g for ‘Czarna’. Hummer (2006)
reports that the weight of one fruit of
Russian honeysuckle cultivars grown
in Oregon, USA varied from 1 to 2 g.
Similarly, Plekhanova (l995) reports
that the fruit can weight up to 2.0 g
and be 3-4 cm long.
The dry matter content measured
in the honeysuckle fruit ranged from
11.63% (‘Czarna’ in 2006) to 13.96%
(“N” seedling) (Tab. 2). Noteworthy,
the dry matter content was a stable
feature for each cultigen in both
years of the experiment (± 0.9-2.8%).
berries
of
‘Czarna’
have
significantly
higher
weight
of
100
86
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 16, 2008: 83-91
Physicochemical feature of blue honeysuckle cultigens
.
250
230
210
190
170
150
130
110
0
0,5
1
2
4
8
16
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Time after harvest (h)
"N" - “shelf-life”
Wojtek - “shelf-life”
Czarna - “shelf-life”
"N" - cold room
Wojtek - cold room
Czarna - cold room
The temperature of fruit just after harvest (0 h) was 18 -24
o
C
Figure 1
. The changes in firmness of three honeysuckle fruit cultigens during the
storage (the mean of 2006-2007)
100,0
98,0
96,0
94,0
92,0
90,0
88,0
86,0
84,0
82,0
80,0
0
0,5
1
2
4
8
16
24
48
72
96
120
144
168
Time after harvest (h)
"N" - “shelf-life”
Wojtek - “shelf-life”
Czarna - “shelf-life”
"N" - cold room
Wojtek - cold room
Czarna - cold room
Figure 2
. The loss of mass of three blue honeysuckle fruit cultigens during the
storage (the mean of 2006-2007)
J. Fruit Ornam. Plant Res. vol. 16, 2008: 83-91
87
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