Encyclopedia of World Scientists.pdf

Encyclopedia of

WORLD SCIENTISTS

Revised Edition

E lizabEth h. O akEs

Encyclopedia of World Scientists, Revised Edition

This is a revised edition of Encyclopedia of World Scientists

and International Encyclopedia of Women Scientists

means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information

storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information

contact:

Facts On File, Inc.

An imprint of Infobase Publishing

132 West 31st Street

New York NY 10001

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Oakes, Elizabeth H., 1964–

Encyclopedia of world scientists/Elizabeth H. Oakes.—Rev. ed.

p. cm.

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6158-7

ISBN-10: 0-8160-6158-0

1. Scientists—Biography—Encyclopedias. I. Title.

Q141.025 2007

509.2'—dc22

[B]

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Text design by Erika K. Arroyo

Cover design by Salvatore Luongo

Chronology by Dale Williams

Printed in the United States of America

VB MSRF 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

This book is printed on acid-free paper.

2007006076

C ONTENTS

Acknowledgments

Introduction

List of Entries

vii

Biographical Essays A–Z

Bibliography

803

Entries by Field

805

Entries by Country of Birth

814

Entries by Country of Major Scientific Activity

820

Entries by Year of Birth

827

Chronology

834

A CKNOWLEDGMENTS

For assistance with photographs and biographical infor-

mation, I thank those scientists who graciously respond-

ed to my requests and the many libraries and archives

who helped. I would also like to express my gratitude

to the University of Montana Mansfield Library, where

much of the research for this book was completed, and

to the authors of the many science reference books I

consulted.

Finally, my sincerest thanks to Frank K. Darmstadt,

Executive Editor, Melissa Cullen-DuPont, Assistant Editor,

and Alana Braithwaite, Editorial Assistant, for their unwav-

ering support and superb guidance throughout the project.

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