Lynch-Johnt, Barbara & Perkins, Michelle - Illustrated Dictionary of Photography - The Professional's Guide to Terms and Techniques for Film and Digital Imaging (9781584282228).pdf - Fotografia - gomez666chomikuj.pl

THE PROFESSIONAL’S GUIDE TO TERMS AND TECHNIQUES

FOR FILM AND DIGITAL IMAGING

ILLUSTRATED

DICTIONARY of

PHOTOGRAPHY

Barbara A. Lynch-Johnt

Michelle Perkins

Amherst Media ®

PUBLISHER OF PHOTOGRAPHY BOOKS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank the photographers who contributed images to this project: Bill Hurter, Jeff Smith, Jeff and Kathleen

Hawkins, Tim Schooler, and Jeffrey and Julia Woods. Without them, this book would not have been possible.

We would also like to thank WDVX (www.wdvx.com) for the countless hours of great entertainment we enjoyed while writing this

book. We appreciate their commitment to Americana music and public radio.

FROM BARBARA LYNCH-JOHNT

To Madeleine, who has been fascinated by cameras for as long as I can remember, and whose vision always inspires me.

FROM MICHELLE PERKINS

Thank you to Ron, whose fearlessness and creativity are both (happily) quite contagious.

Unless otherwise noted, all photographs by Michelle Perkins.

Front cover photographs by Jeff and Kathleen Hawkins (top left); Michelle Perkins (top right, bottom left); and Jeffrey and

Julia Woods (bottom right).

Back cover photographs by Michelle Perkins.

Published by:

Amherst Media, Inc.

P.O. Box 586

Buffalo, N.Y. 14226

Fax: 716-874-4508

www.AmherstMedia.com

Publisher: Craig Alesse

Editorial Assistance: Carey Maines, John S. Loder

ISBN-13: 978-1-58428-222-8

Library of Congress Control Number: 2007926857

Printed in Korea.

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical,

photocopied, recorded or otherwise, without prior written consent from the publisher.

Notice of Disclaimer: The information contained in this book is based on the authors’ experiences and opinions. The authors

and publisher will not be held liable for the use or misuse of the information in this book.

CONTENTS

Dictionary of Photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4

Appendix 1:

Influential Individuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135

Appendix 2:

Influential Movements and Styles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .138

Appendix 3:

Professional Organizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

4 1-bit • 120 film

1-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 1 (2 1 ) and, therefore, 2 pos-

sible values.

2-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 2 (2 2 ) and, therefore, 4 pos-

sible values.

18-bit. An image that has three 6-bit channels combined to

create 262,144 possible values. Used on some LCD monitors to

achieve faster transition times with minimal color sacrifice.

18 percent gray. See middle gray.

24-bit. An image that has three 8-bit channels combined to

create 16,777,216 possible values. Also called true color or, on

Macintosh systems, “millions of colors.”

A 2-BIT IMAGE (4 POSSIBLE COLOR VALUES).

2-D. See two-dimensional.

3-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 3 (2 3 ) and, therefore, 8 pos-

sible values. Many early home computers with television displays

offered 8-bit color.

3-D. See three-dimensional.

4/3 sensor. A standard proposed by Olympus and Kodak for

a universal digital SLR system with a CCD image sensor having

a 4:3 aspect ratio.

4-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 4 (2 4 ) and, therefore, 16

possible values.

5-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 5 (2 5 ) and, therefore, 32

possible values.

6-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 6 (2 6 ) and, therefore, 64

possible values.

8-bit. A pixel with a bit depth of 8 (2 8 ) and, therefore, 256

possible values. Most Lab, RGB, grayscale, and CMYK images

contain 8 bits of data per color channel.

A 24-BIT IMAGE (MILLIONS OF POSSIBLE COLOR VALUES).

32-bit. A 24-bit image with an additional 8 bits of data added

either as empty padding space or to represent an alpha channel.

Used in Photoshop for HDR imaging.

35mm equivalent focal length. On digital cameras, a stan-

dardized format for describing the effective focal length of a lens.

This eliminates the need to account for the widely differing sizes

of digital-camera image sensors when determining the field of

view a lens will provide. This is sometimes referred to simply as

the “equivalent” focal length or the “effective” focal length. See

also focal length.

35mm film. The roll film format most commonly used in still

photography. The photographic film is cut into strips that are 35

millimeters wide with six perfora-

tions per inch (4.23mm per per-

foration) along both edges. Also

called 135 film.

45-degree lighting. See Rem-

brandt lighting.

85-series filter. See Wratten

numbers.

110 film. (1) An early 4x5-

inch roll film discontinued in the

late 1920s. (2) A 13x17mm car-

tridge film introduced in 1972 for

Kodak’s Pocket Instamatic series.

120 film. A format of roll film

used by many medium-format

cameras. Introduced by Kodak

for their Brownie No. 2 in 1901,

it remains popular with profes-

sional and advanced amateur pho-

tographers. The film is 72cm long

and bears frame number markings

for the three standard image for-

35MM FILM.

AN 8-BIT IMAGE (256 POSSIBLE COLOR VALUES).

12-bit. (1) A pixel with a bit depth of 12 (2 12 ) and, there-

fore, 4,096 possible values. (2) An image that has three 4-bit

channels. Sometimes used in small devices with color displays.

15-bit. An image that has three 5-bit channels combined to

create 32,768 possible values. Also called high color.

16-bit. An image that has one 6-bit and two 5-bit channels

combined to create 65,536 possible values. Also called high color

or, on Macintosh systems, “thousands of colors.”

120 FILM.

Lynch-Johnt, Barbara & Perkins, Michelle - Illustrated Dictionary of Photography - The Professional's Guide to Terms and Techniques for Film and Digital Imaging (9781584282228).pdf

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