LANGE S HANDBOOK OF CHEMISTRY Sixteenth Edition.pdf

LANGE’S

HANDBOOK OF

CHEMISTRY

James G. Speight, Ph.D.

CD&W Inc., Laramie, Wyoming

Sixteenth Edition

M C GRAW-HILL

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Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-643191

ISSN 0748-4585

mitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be

reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval

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ISBN 0-07-143220-5

The sponsoring editor for this book was Kenneth P. McCombs and the production supervisor

was Sherri Souffrance. It was set in Times Roman by International Typesetting and

Composition. The art director for the cover was Anthony Landi.

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McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting

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required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought.

ABOUT THE EDITOR

James G. Speight, Ph.D., has more than 35 years’ experience in fields related to the properties and processing of

conventional and synthetic fuels. He has participated in, and led, significant research in defining the uses of

chemistry with heavy oil and coal. The author of well over 400 professional papers, reports, and presentations

detailing his research activities, he has taught more than 50 related courses. Dr. Speight is the author, editor, or

compiler of a total of 25 books and bibliographies related to fossil fuel processing and environmental issues. He

lives in Laramie, Wyoming.

PREFACE TO THE

SIXTEENTH EDITION

This Sixteenth Edition of Lange’s Handbook of Chemistry takes on a new format under a new editor.

Nevertheless, the Handbook remains the one-volume source of factual information for chemists and

chemical engineers, both professionals and students. The aim of the Handbook remains to provide

sufficient data to satisfy the general needs of the user without recourse to other reference sources.

The many tables of numerical data that have been compiled, as well as additional tables, will pro-

vide the user with a valuable time-saver.

The new format involves division of the Handbook into four major sections, instead of the

11 sections that were part of previous editions. Section 1, Inorganic Chemistry, contains a group of

tables relating to the physical properties of the elements (including recently discovered elements) and

several thousand compounds. Likewise, Section 2, Organic Chemistry, contains a group of tables

relating to the physical properties of the elements and several thousand compounds. Following these

two sections, Section 3, Spectroscopy, presents the user with the fundamentals of the various spec-

troscopic techniques. This section also contains tables that are relevant to the spectroscopic proper-

ties of elements, inorganic compounds, and organic compounds. Section 4, General Information and

Conversion Tables, contains all of the general information and conversion tables that were previously

found in different sections of the Handbook.

In Sections 1 and 2, the data for each compound include (where available) name, structural

formula, formula weight, density, refractive index, melting point, boiling point, flash point,

dielectric constant, dipole moment, solubility (if known) in water and relevant organic solvents,

thermal conductivity, and electrical conductivity. The presentation of alternative names, as well

as trivial names of long-standing use, has been retained. Section 2 also contains expanded infor-

mation relating to the names and properties of condensed polynuclear aromatic compounds.

Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat Capacities of Organic and

Inorganic Compounds, and Heats of Melting, Vaporization, and Sublimation and Specific Heat at

Various Temperatures, are also presented in Sections 1 and 2 for organic and inorganic compounds,

as well as information on the critical properties (critical temperature, critical pressure, and critical

volume).

As in the previous edition, Section 3, Spectroscopy, retains subsections on infrared spectroscopy,

Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and X-ray spectrometry. The

section on Practical Laboratory Information (now Section 4), has been retained as it offers valuable

information and procedures for laboratory methods.

As stated in the prefaces of earlier editions, every effort has been made to select the most useful

and reliable information and to record it with accuracy. It is hoped that users of this Handbook will

continue to offer suggestions of material that might be included in, or even excluded from, future edi-

tions and call attention to errors. These communications should be directed to the editor through the

publisher, McGraw-Hill.

J AMES G. S PEIGHT , P H .D.

Laramie, Wyoming

vii

PREFACE TO THE

FIFTEENTH EDITION

This new edition, the fifth under the aegis of the present editor, remains the one-volume source of

factual information for chemists, both professionals and students––the first place in which to “look

it up” on the spot. The aim is to provide sufficient data to satisfy all one’s general needs without

recourse to other reference sources. A user will find this volume of value as a time-saver because of

the many tables of numerical data that have been especially compiled.

Descriptive properties for a basic group of approximately 4300 organic compounds are compiled

in Section 1, an increase of 300 entries. All entries are listed alphabetically according to the senior

prefix of the name. The data for each organic compound include (where available) name, structural

formula, formula weight, Beilstein reference (or if un- available, the entry to the Merck Index , 12th ed.),

density, refractive index, melting point, boiling point, flash point, and solubility (citing numerical

values if known) in water and various common organic solvents. Structural formulas either too com-

plex or too ambiguous to be rendered as line formulas are grouped at the bottom of each facing dou-

ble page on which the entries appear. Alternative names, as well as trivial names of long-standing

usage, are listed in their respective alphabetical order at the bottom of each double page in the

regular alphabetical sequence. Another feature that assists the user in locating a desired entry is

the empirical formula index.

Section 2 on General Information, Conversion Tables, and Mathematics has had the table on gen-

eral conversion factors thoroughly reworked. Similarly the material on Statistics in Chemical

Analysis has had its contents more than doubled.

Descriptive properties for a basic group of inorganic compounds are compiled in Section 3, which

has undergone a small increase in the number of entries. Many entries under the column “Solubility”

supply the reader with precise quantities dissolved in a stated solvent and at a given temperature.

Several portions of Section 4, Properties of Atoms, Radicals, and Bonds, have been significantly

enlarged. For example, the entries under “Ionization Energy of Molecular and Radical Species” now

number 740 and have an additional column with the enthalpy of formation of the ions. Likewise, the

table on “Electron Affinities of the Elements, Molecules, and Radicals” now contains about 225

entries. The Table of Nuclides has material on additional radionuclides, their radiations, and the neu-

tron capture cross sections.

Revised material for Section 5 includes the material on surface tension, viscosity, dielectric con-

stant, and dipole moment for organic compounds. In order to include more data at several tempera-

tures, the material has been divided into two separate tables. Material on surface tension and

viscosity constitute the first table with 715 entries; included is the temperature range of the liquid

phase. Material on dielectric constant and dipole moment constitute another table of 1220 entries.

The additional data at two or more temperatures permit interpolation for intermediate temperatures

and also permit limited extrapolation of the data. The Properties of Combustible Mixtures in Air has

been revised and expanded to include over 450 compounds. Flash points are to be found in Section 1.

Completely revised are the tables on Thermal Conductivity for gases, liquids, and solids. Van der

Waals’ constants for gases have been brought up to date and expanded to over 500 substances.

Section 6, which includes Enthalpies and Gibbs Energies of Formation, Entropies, and Heat

Capacities of Organic and Inorganic Compounds, and Heats of Melting, Vaporization, and Sublimation

and Specific Heat at Various Temperatures for organic and inorganic compounds, has expanded by

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