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SAS 9.1 Macro Language
SAS
®
9.1
Macro Language
Reference
The correct bibliographic citation for this manual is as follows: SAS Institute Inc. 2004.
SAS
®
9.1 Macro Language: Reference
. Cary, NC: SAS Institute Inc.
SAS
®
9.1 Macro Language: Reference
Copyright © 2004, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA
ISBN 1-59047-212-8
All rights reserved. Produced in the United States of America. No part of this publication
may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, or otherwise, without the prior written
permission of the publisher, SAS Institute Inc.
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with SAS Institute and the restrictions set forth in FAR 52.227–19 Commercial Computer
Software-Restricted Rights (June 1987).
SAS Institute Inc., SAS Campus Drive, Cary, North Carolina 27513.
1st printing, January 2004
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®
Contents
What’s New
vii
Overview
vii
New Automatic Macro Variable
vii
New Comparison Operators
vii
New SAS System Options
viii
New Macro Statements
viii
New Macro Functions
viii
New Option for the %MACRO Statement
viii
PART
1
Understanding and Using the Macro Facility
1
Chapter 1 Introduction to the Macro Facility
3
Getting Started with the Macro Facility
3
Replacing Text Strings Using Macro Variables
4
Generating SAS Code Using Macros
5
More Advanced Macro Techniques
8
Other Features of the Macro Language
10
Chapter 2 SAS Programs and Macro Processing
11
Introduction to SAS Programs and Macro Processing
11
How SAS Processes Statements without Macro Activity
12
How SAS Processes Statements with Macro Activity
14
Chapter 3 Macro Variables
19
Introduction to Macro Variables
19
Macro Variables Defined by SAS
20
Macro Variables Defined by Users
22
Using Macro Variables
25
Displaying Macro Variable Values
28
Referencing Macro Variables Indirectly
29
Manipulating Macro Variable Values with Macro Functions
30
Chapter 4 Macro Processing
33
Introduction to Macro Processing
33
Defining and Calling Macros
33
How the Macro Processor Compiles a Macro Definition
34
How the Macro Processor Executes a Compiled Macro
36
Summary of Macro Processing
40
Chapter 5 Scopes of Macro Variables
41
Introduction to the Scopes of Macro Variables
41
Global Macro Variables
42
Local Macro Variables
43
iv
Writing the Contents of Symbol Tables to the SAS Log
45
How Macro Variables Are Assigned and Resolved
45
Examples of Macro Variable Scopes
48
Chapter 6 Macro Expressions
67
Introduction to Macro Expressions
67
Defining Arithmetic and Logical Expressions
68
How the Macro Processor Evaluates Arithmetic Expressions
70
How the Macro Processor Evaluates Logical Expressions
71
Chapter 7 Macro Quoting
75
Introduction to Macro Quoting
75
Deciding When to Use a Macro Quoting Function and Which Function to Use
78
Using the %STR and %NRSTR Functions
80
Using the %BQUOTE and %NRBQUOTE Functions
84
Referring to Already Quoted Variables
85
Deciding How Much Text to Mask with a Macro Quoting Function
85
Using %SUPERQ
86
Summary of Macro Quoting Functions and the Characters They Mask
88
Unquoting Text
89
How Macro Quoting Works
91
Other Functions That Perform Macro Quoting
92
Chapter 8 Interfaces with the Macro Facility
95
Introduction to Interfaces with the Macro Facility
95
DATA Step Interfaces
96
Using SAS Language Functions in the DATA Step and Macro Facility
99
Interfaces with the SQL Procedure
100
Interfaces with the SAS Component Language
101
SAS/CONNECT Interfaces
103
Chapter 9 Storing and Reusing Macros
105
Introduction to Storing and Reusing Macros
105
Saving Macros in an Autocall Library
106
Saving Macros Using the Stored Compiled Macro Facility
108
Chapter 10 Macro Facility Error Messages and Debugging
111
General Macro Debugging Information
111
Troubleshooting Your Macros
113
Debugging Techniques
126
Chapter 11 Writing Efficient and Portable Macros
133
Introduction to Writing Efficient and Portable Macros
133
Keeping Efficiency in Perspective
133
Writing Efficient Macros
134
Writing Portable Macros
140
v
Chapter 12 Macro Language Elements
147
Introduction to Macro Language Elements
147
Macro Statements
147
Macro Functions
149
Automatic Macro Variables
154
Interfaces with the Macro Facility
156
Selected Autocall Macros Provided with SAS Software
157
Selected System Options Used in the Macro Facility
158
PART
2
Macro Language Dictionary
161
Chapter 13 Macro Language Dictionary
163
PART
3
Appendixes
315
Appendix 1 Reserved Words in the Macro Facility
317
Macro Facility Word Rules
317
Reserved Words
317
Appendix 2 SAS Tokens
319
What Are SAS Tokens?
319
List of Tokens
319
Appendix 3 Syntax for Selected Functions Used with the %SYSFUNC Function
321
Summary Descriptions and Syntax
321
Appendix 4 Recommended Reading
325
Recommended Reading
325
Glossary
327
Index
333
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