Столярные и плотничные работы.pdf

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ʈɹʅʀ ɻʅʃ, ʅʄ ʈʉɷʂ ʎʉʅ-ʉʅ ɹʒʇɼɾɷʉʓ, ɹʒʆɿʂɿɹɷʉʓ, ʈʅɼɻɿʄʖʉʓ ʃɼɽɻʊ ʈʅɸʅʀ ʁʊʈʁɿ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ. ə ʇɼɾʊʂʓʉɷʉɼ
ʇɷɾɹɿʂɿʈʓ ɻɹɷ ʈʅɹɼʇʏɼʄʄʅ ʇɷɾʄʒʌ ɿ ɹ ʉʅ ɽɼ ɹʇɼʃʖ ʉɷʁ ʆʅʌʅɽɿʌ ʇɼʃɼʈʂɷ: ʈʉʅʂʖʇʄʅɼ ɿ ʆʂʅʉʄɿʎʄʅɼ.
ɟ ʉʅ ɿ ɻʇʊɺʅɼ ɾɷʄɿʃɷɼʉʈʖ ʅɸʇɷɸʅʉʁʅʀ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ. ɩʅʂʓʁʅ ɿɾ-ʆʅɻ ʇʊʁ ʈʉʅʂʖʇɷ ɹʒʌʅɻʖʉ ʇɷɾʂɿʎʄʒɼ
ʊʁʇɷʏɼʄɿʖ, ʆʇɼɻʃɼʉʒ ʊʉɹɷʇɿ, ɿɺʇʊʏʁɿ, ʃɼɸɼʂʓ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʅʄ ɽɼ ɿ ʇɼʈʉɷɹʇɿʇʊɼʉ.
ɦʂʅʉʄɿʁ ɽɼ ʈʉɷɹɿʉ ɻɼʇɼɹʖʄʄʒʀ ɻʅʃ, ʉʅ ɼʈʉʓ ʈʆʂɷʎɿɹɷɼʉ ɸʅʂʓʏɿɼ ɻʅʈʁɿ, ɸʇʊʈʓʖ, ɸʇɼɹʄɷ. ɥʄ ʃʅɽɼʉ
ɹʅɾɹɼʈʉɿ ʈʇʊɸ, ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ʆɼʇɼʁʇʒʉɿʖ, ʄɷʈʉɼʂɿʉʓ ʆʅʂʒ, ʆʅʈʉɷɹɿʉʓ ʁʇʒʏʊ, ʊʈʉɷʄʅɹɿʉʓ ʅʁʄɷ. ɥʉɻɼʂʁʅʀ ɻʅʃɷ
ɾɷʄɿʃɷɼʉʈʖ ʈʉʅʂʖʇ. ɟ ʆʂʅʉʄɿʁ, ɿ ʈʉʅʂʖʇ ʆʇɿ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ ɿʈʆʅʂʓɾʊʕʉ ʇɷɾʂɿʎʄʒɼ ɿʄʈʉʇʊʃɼʄʉʒ. ɛʂʖ ʆʂʅʉʄɿʁɷ
ʆʅɻʌʅɻʖʉ ɸʅʂɼɼ ʃɷʈʈɿɹʄʒɼ, ʆʇɼɻʄɷɾʄɷʎɼʄʄʒɼ ɻʂʖ ɺʇʊɸʅʀ ʅɸʇɷɸʅʉʁɿ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ. ɞɷʉʅ ɹ ʇʊʁɷʌ ʈʉʅʂʖʇɷ
ʆʇɷʁʉɿʎɼʈʁɿ ʄɼɹʅɾʃʅɽʄʅ ʊɹɿɻɼʉʓ ʆɿʂʊ, ʉʅʆʅʇ ɿ ɻʅʂʅʉʅ. ɛɷ ɿ ɸʅʂʓʏʅʀ ʃʅʂʅʉʅʁ ʈ ɺɹʅɾɻʖʃɿ ʇɼɻʁʅ ʁʅɺɻɷ
ʃʅɽʄʅ ɾɷʃɼʉɿʉʓ ɹ ɷʇʈɼʄɷʂɼ ʈʉʅʂʖʇɷ.
ɟ ʉʅ ɿ ɻʇʊɺʅɼ ʃɷʈʉɼʇʈʉɹʅ ʅɸʇɷɸɷʉʒɹɷʄɿʖ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ ɹ ʉɼʎɼʄɿɼ ʃʄʅɺɿʌ ʉʒʈʖʎɼʂɼʉɿʀ ʈʅɹɼʇʏɼʄʈʉɹʅɹɷʂʅʈʓ
ɹ ɧʅʈʈɿɿ. ɗ ɺɻɼ ɼʐɼ ʃʅɽʄʅ ʄɷʀʉɿ ʉɷʁɿɼ ʂɼʈɷ ɿ ʉɷʁɿʌ ʃɷʈʉɼʇʅɹ ʆʅ ɻɼʇɼɹʊ?!
ɣɷʈʉɼʇɷ ɹʈɼɺɻɷ ɸʒʂɿ ɹ ʍɼʄɼ. ɟʌ ɾʅʂʅʉʒɼ ʇʊʁɿ ɹʈɼɺɻɷ ʎʉʅ-ʉʅ ɻɼʂɷʂɿ: ʈʉʇʅɺɷʂɿ, ʆɿʂɿʂɿ, ʇɼɾɷʂɿ,
ɹʒʉɷʎɿɹɷʂɿ. ɨɼʁʇɼʉʒ ʃɷʈʉɼʇʈʉɹɷ ʇɷɸʅʉʒ ʈ ɻɼʇɼɹʅʃ ʆɼʇɼɻɷɹɷʂɿʈʓ ʆʅ ʄɷʈʂɼɻʈʉɹʊ, ɷ ɿɾɻɼʂɿʖ ɸɼʇɼɽʄʅ
ʌʇɷʄɿʂɿʈʓ ʄɷ ʆʇʅʉʖɽɼʄɿɿ ɹɼʁʅɹ. ɟ ɹʈɼ ʔʉʅ ʄɼ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ɸʂɷɺʅɻɷʇʖ ɹɼʂɿʁʅʂɼʆʄʒʃ ʈɹʅʀʈʉɹɷʃ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ʄʅ
ɿ ʊʃɼʄɿʕ ʃɷʈʉɼʇɷ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ɹɼʐʓ ɻʅʂɺʅɹɼʎʄʅʀ.
ɛɷɽɼ ɹ ʄɷʏ ɹɼʁ ʃɼʌɷʄɿɾɷʍɿɿ ʇʊʎʄɷʖ ʇɷɸʅʉɷ ʍɼʄɿʉʈʖ ʅʎɼʄʓ ɻʅʇʅɺʅ, ɹɼɻʓ ʈɷʃʒʃ ʈʅɹʇɼʃɼʄʄʒʃ ʈʉɷʄʁɷʃ ʄɼ
ʆʅɻ ʈɿʂʊ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ɹɼʐʓ ɻʅɸʇʅʉʄʅʀ, ʊɻʅɸʄʅʀ ɿ ʅɻʄʅɹʇɼʃɼʄʄʅ ʁʇɷʈɿɹʅʀ. ɥʈʄɷʐɼʄʄʒɼ ɹʒʈʅʁʅʉʅʎʄʅʀ
ʔʂɼʁʉʇʅʄɿʁʅʀ ʈʉɷʄʁɿ ʄɼ ɹ ʈʅʈʉʅʖʄɿɿ ʊɹɿɻɼʉʓ ʄɼʆʅɹʉʅʇɿʃʊʕ ʁʇɷʈʅʉʊ ʅɸʒʎʄʅɺʅ ɸʇʊʈʁɷ, ʆʅɻʎɼʇʁʄʊʉʓ
ʈɹʅʀʈʉɹɷ ɿ ʇɿʈʊʄʅʁ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ʄɼ ʃʅɺʊʉ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ʉʅɺʅ, ʎʉʅ ʆʅɻɹʂɷʈʉʄʅ ʃɷʈʉɼʇʊ ʈ ɹɼʇʄʒʃ ɺʂɷɾʅʃ ɿ
ɾʅʂʅʉʒʃɿ ʇʊʁɷʃɿ.
ɮɼʂʅɹɼʁ – ʄɼ ʇʅɸʅʉ, ʅʄ ʃʅɽɼʉ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ʉʅ, ʎʉʅ ɸʒʂʅ ʈɻɼʂɷʄʅ ɻʅ ʄɼɺʅ ɿ ɻɷɽɼ ʄɷʃʄʅɺʅ ʂʊʎʏɼ. ɥɻʄɷʁʅ ʔʉʅ
ʄɿ ɹ ʁʅɼʀ ʃɼʇɼ ʄɼ ʁɷʈɷɼʉʈʖ ɸɼʈʍɼʄʄʒʌ ʏɼɻɼɹʇʅɹ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʅʈʉɷʕʉʈʖ ʅʉ ʊʌʅɻʖʐɿʌ ʔʆʅʌ. ɥɺʂʖʄɿʉɼʈʓ
ɹʅʁʇʊɺ, ɿ ʊɹɿɻɿʉɼ ʂʕɻɼʀ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ɹ ʈɹʅɸʅɻʄʅɼ ɹʇɼʃʖ ɹʒʇɼɾɷʕʉ, ɹʒɽɿɺɷʕʉ, ɹʒʆɿʂɿɹɷʕʉ ʇɷɾʂɿʎʄʒɼ
ʆʅɻɼʂʁɿ. ɡʉʅ-ʉʅ ɻɼʂɷɼʉ ʔʉʅ ɻʂʖ ʈɼɸʖ ɿʂɿ ʈɹʅɿʌ ɻʇʊɾɼʀ, ʊʎɷʈʉɹʊɼʉ ɹ ɹʒʈʉɷɹʁɷʌ ʄɷʇʅɻʄʒʌ ʊʃɼʂʓʍɼɹ, ɷ ʁʉʅ-
ʉʅ ʆʇʅɻɷɼʉ ʈɹʅɿ ɿɾɻɼʂɿʖ ɿ ʆʅʂʊʎɷɼʉ ɻʅʆʅʂʄɿʉɼʂʓʄʒʀ ɾɷʇɷɸʅʉʅʁ.
ɜʈʂɿ ʔʉɷ ʁʄɿɺɷ ʆʅʆɷʂɷ ʁ ɹɷʃ, ɾʄɷʎɿʉ, ʊ ɹɷʈ ʆʅʖɹɿʂʅʈʓ ɽɼʂɷʄɿɼ ʊʁʇɷʈɿʉʓ ʈɹʅʕ ɽɿɾʄʓ, ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ʎʉʅ-ʉʅ
ʆʅʂɼɾʄʅɼ ɿ ɻʅɸʇʅʉʄʅɼ. ɜʈʂɿ ɹʒ ʊɽɼ ɿʃɼʂɿ ɻɼʂʅ ʈ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʅʀ, ʉʅ, ɹʅɾʃʅɽʄʅ, ɹʒ ʌʅʉɿʉɼ ʆʅʆʅʂʄɿʉʓ ʈɹʅʀ
ɾɷʆɷʈ ɾʄɷʄɿʀ, ʊʃɼʄɿʀ ɿ ʄɷɹʒʁʅɹ. ɤɼ ɸɼɻɷ, ʁʅɺɻɷ ʎʉʅ-ʉʅ ʄɼ ʆʅʂʊʎɷɼʉʈʖ ʈ ʆɼʇɹʅɺʅ ʇɷɾɷ, – ʅʆʒʉ ʆʇɿʌʅɻɿʉ
ʄɼ ʈʇɷɾʊ. ɣɼʉʅɻʅʃ ʆʇʅɸ ɿ ʅʏɿɸʅʁ ʃʅɽʄʅ ʅʈɹʅɿʉʓ ɹʈɼ ʆʇɿɼʃʒ, ʆʅɾɹʅʂʖʕʐɿɼ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ɿɾ ʅɸʒʎʄʅʀ
ɻɼʇɼɹʖʏʁɿ ʏɼɻɼɹʇ, ʆʇɿʈʆʅʈʅɸɿʉʓ ɼɼ ɹ ɸʒʉʊ ʉɷʁ, ʎʉʅ ʆʅʈʂɼ ʄɼʈʁʅʂʓʁɿʌ ɻʄɼʀ ʆʅʁɷɽɼʉʈʖ ʄɼʆʅʄʖʉʄʒʃ, ʁɷʁ
ɹʒ ɽɿʂɿ ɸɼɾ ʔʉʅʀ ɹɼʐɿ ɹʈɼ ʔʉʅ ɹʇɼʃʖ.
ɛʂʖ ʉʅɺʅ ʎʉʅɸʒ ʎʉʅ-ʉʅ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ɿɾ ɸʇʊʈʁɷ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ʄɼʅɸʌʅɻɿʃʅ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ɹɾʖʉʓ ɼɺʅ ɹ ʇʊʁɿ ɿ... ʄɷʎɷʉʓ! ɟ
ʔʉɷ ʁʄɿɺɷ ʅɸʖɾɷʉɼʂʓʄʅ ʈʉɷʄɼʉ ʄɼɾɷʃɼʄɿʃʒʃ ʆʅʃʅʐʄɿʁʅʃ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒʀ ʆʅɻʈʁɷɽɼʉ, ʁɷʁ ɿ ʎʉʅ ʂʊʎʏɼ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ,
ʆʅɻɼʂɿʉʈʖ ʈɹʅɿʃɿ ʆʇʅɹɼʇɼʄʄʒʃɿ ʈɼʁʇɼʉɷʃɿ ɿ ʆʅʃʅɽɼʉ ɿɾɸɼɽɷʉʓ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒʌ ʅʏɿɸʅʁ.
ɛʇɼɹɼʈɿʄɷ
ɤɿ ʅɻɿʄ ɿɾ ʈʉʇʅɿʉɼʂʓʄʒʌ ʃɷʉɼʇɿɷʂʅɹ ʄɼ ʅɸʂɷɻɷɼʉ ʉɷʁɿʃɿ ʁɷʎɼʈʉɹɷʃɿ, ʁɷʁ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄɷ. ɥʄɷ ʅʎɼʄʓ ʊɻʅɸʄɷ
ɹ ʅɸʇɷɸʅʉʁɼ. ɡʇʅʃɼ ʉʅɺʅ, ʔʉʅ ʅɻɿʄ ɿɾ ʈɷʃʒʌ ʆʇʅʎʄʒʌ, ʂɼɺʁɿʌ ʃɷʉɼʇɿɷʂʅɹ, ɻʅʂɺʅ ʈʅʌʇɷʄʖʕʐɿʌ ʉɼʆʂʅ ɿ
ʆʇɿʖʉʄʒʀ ɾɷʆɷʌ. ɟɾ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ ʃʅɽʄʅ ʈɻɼʂɷʉʓ ɹʈɼ ʎʉʅ ʊɺʅɻʄʅ: ʅʉ ʆʇʅʈʉʅʀ ɻɼʇɼɹʖʄʄʅʀ ʂʅɽʁɿ ɻʅ ʈɷʃʅʂɼʉɷ.
ɬʅʉʖ ɿ ʉʅ ɿ ɻʇʊɺʅɼ ʆʅʉʇɼɸʊɼʉ ʊʈɿʂɿʀ, ʊʈɼʇɻɿʖ ɿ ʆʇɼɽɻɼ ɹʈɼɺʅ ɽɼʂɷʄɿʖ.
ɛʂʖ ʉʅɺʅ ʎʉʅɸʒ ʆʇɿʈʉʊʆɿʉʓ ʁ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ ʈ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʅʀ, ʅɸʖɾɷʉɼʂʓʄʅ ʆʅʉʇɼɸʊɼʉʈʖ ʉɼʇʆɼʄɿɼ. ɤɼ ʄʊɽʄʅ
ʇɷʈʈʉʇɷɿɹɷʉʓʈʖ, ɼʈʂɿ ʎʉʅ-ʉʅ ʈ ʆɼʇɹʅɺʅ ʇɷɾɷ ʄɼ ɸʊɻɼʉ ʆʅʂʊʎɷʉʓʈʖ, – ɹʈɼ ʆʇɿʌʅɻɿʉ ʈ ʅʆʒʉʅʃ. ɚʂɷɾʅʃɼʇ ɿ
ʉɹɼʇɻɷʖ ʇʊʁɷ ʉʅɽɼ ɸʊɻʊʉ ɹɷʏɿʃɿ ʆʅʃʅʐʄɿʁɷʃɿ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʄɼ ʆʅɾɹʅʂʖʉ ʅʏɿɸɿʉʓʈʖ ʆʇɿ ʇɼɾɷʄɿɿ, ʆɿʂɼʄɿɿ,
ʈɹɼʇʂɼʄɿɿ, ɻʅʂɸʂɼʄɿɿ ɿ ɹʒʉɷʎɿɹɷʄɿɿ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ.
ɛʇɼɹɼʈɿʄɷ ʄɼ ʅʉʄʅʈɿʉʈʖ ʁ ʁɷʆʇɿɾʄʒʃ ʈʉʇʅɿʉɼʂʓʄʒʃ ʃɷʉɼʇɿɷʂɷʃ, ʄʅ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʅʏɿɸʁɿ ʅʄɷ ɹɷʃ ʆʇʅʈʉʅ
ʄɼ ʆʇʅʈʉɿʉ: ʄɼʂʓɾʖ ɸʊɻɼʉ ʄɷɻʈʉɷɹɿʉʓ ʄɼʈʁʅʂʓʁʅ ʈɷʄʉɿʃɼʉʇʅɹ ʄɼʇʅɹʄʅ ʅʉʆɿʂɼʄʄʅʀ ɻʅʈʁɿ ɿʂɿ ɹʒʇʅɹʄʖʉʓ
ɿʈʆʅʇʎɼʄʄʊʕ ʆʅɹɼʇʌʄʅʈʉʓ ɸɼɾ ʊʐɼʇɸɷ ɸʊɻʊʐɼʃʊ ɿɾɻɼʂɿʕ. ɴʉʅ ʄɼ ʆʂɷʈʉɿʂɿʄ ɿ ʄɼ ɺʂɿʄɷ, ʄʅ ɹ
ʆʂɷʈʉɿʎʄʅʈʉɿ ɿʃ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄɷ ʄɼ ʊʈʉʊʆɷɼʉ.
ɨʒʇɷʖ ɿʂɿ ʈʆɼʍɿɷʂʓʄʅ ɹʒʃʅʎɼʄʄɷʖ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄɷ ʆʇɼʁʇɷʈʄʅ ʆʇɿʄɿʃɷɼʉ ʉʊ ʋʅʇʃʊ, ʁʅʉʅʇʊʕ ɹʒ ʆʅɽɼʂɷɼʉɼ
ɼʀ ʆʇɿɻɷʉʓ.
ɦʇɿ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ ʃʅɽʄʅ ʂɿɸʅ ɿʈʁɷɾɿʉʓ, ʂɿɸʅ ʆʅɻʎɼʇʁʄʊʉʓ ʇɿʈʊʄʅʁ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ. əʅ ɹʉʅʇʅʃ ʈʂʊʎɷɼ
ɹʒʆʅʂʄɼʄʄʅɼ ɿɾɻɼʂɿɼ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ɹʒɿɺʇɷɼʉ ɿ ʆʇɼʁʇɷʈʄʅ ɸʊɻɼʉ ʈʃʅʉʇɼʉʓʈʖ ɸɼɾ ʆʅʁʇʒʉɿʖ ʈʂʅɼʃ ʁʇɷʈʁɿ. ɗ
ʊʈɿʂɿʉʓ ɿɺʇʊ ʉʅʄʅɹ ʆʅʃʅɺʊʉ ʇɷɾʂɿʎʄʒɼ ɻʇɼɹɼʈʄʒɼ ʂɷʁɿ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʄɷʄʅʈʖʉʈʖ ʄɷ ʆʅɹɼʇʌʄʅʈʉʓ ɻɹʊʃʖ-ʉʇɼʃʖ
ʉʅʄʁɿʃɿ ʈʂʅʖʃɿ.
ɮʉʅɸʒ ɸʊɻʊʐɿʀ ɹɷʏ ʏɼɻɼɹʇ ʃɷʁʈɿʃɷʂʓʄʅ ʆʅɻʎɼʇʁɿɹɷʂ ʉɼʁʈʉʊʇʅɹɷʄʄʒʀ ʇɿʈʊʄʅʁ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ ɿ ʄɼ
ʆʇʅʉɿɹʅʇɼʎɿʂ ɼʃʊ, ʆʇɼɽɻɼ ɹʈɼɺʅ ʆʅʉʇɼɸʊɼʉʈʖ ɹʄɿʃɷʉɼʂʓʄʅ ʇɷʈʈʃʅʉʇɼʉʓ ɸʇʊʈʅʁ.
ɤɼʉ ʉɷʁʅɺʅ ɸʇʊʈʁɷ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ʄɷ ʁʅʉʅʇʅʃ ɸʒ ʄɼ ʆʇʅʈʂɼɽɿɹɷʂʅʈʓ ʄɷʆʇɷɹʂɼʄɿɼ ʇʅʈʉɷ ɹʅʂʅʁʅʄ. ɤɷɿɸʅʂɼɼ
ʆʅʂʄʅɼ ʆʇɼɻʈʉɷɹʂɼʄɿɼ ʅ ʉʅʃ, ʎʉʅ ʆʅʂʊʎɿʉʈʖ ɿɾ ɹʒɸʇɷʄʄʅɺʅ ɸʇʊʈʁɷ, ʃʅɽɼʉ ɹʅɾʄɿʁʄʊʉʓ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ɹ ʉʅʃ
ʈʂʊʎɷɼ, ɼʈʂɿ ʇɷʈʆɿʂɿʉʓ ɸʇʊʈʅʁ ʆʅ ʉʇɼʃ ʄɷʆʇɷɹʂɼʄɿʖʃ: ʆʅɻ ʊɺʂʅʃ ɹ 45°, ɹɻʅʂʓ ɹʅʂʅʁʅʄ ɿ ʆʅʆɼʇɼʁ ʄɿʌ.
ɨʇɼɾ ʆʅɻ ʊɺʂʅʃ ɹ 45° ʄɷɾʒɹɷɼʉʈʖ ʉɷʄɺɼʄʉɷʂʓʄʒʃ ʈʇɼɾʅʃ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒʀ ɻɷɼʉ ʉɼʁʈʉʊʇʅɹɷʄʄʒʀ ʇɿʈʊʄʅʁ ɹ ɹɿɻɼ
ʁʅʄʊʈʅʅɸʇɷɾʄʒʌ ʂɿʄɿʀ (ʇɿʈ. 1).
ɧɿʈ. 1. ɩɷʄɺɼʄʉɷʂʓʄʒʀ ʈʇɼɾ.
ɨʇɼɾ ɹɻʅʂʓ ɹʅʂʅʁʅʄ ɻɷɼʉ ʇɷɻɿɷʂʓʄʒʀ ʈʇɼɾ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒʀ ʆʅʁɷɾʒɹɷɼʉ ʆɷʇɷʂʂɼʂʓʄʒɼ ʂɿʄɿɿ ɹʅʂʅʁʅʄ (ʇɿʈ. 2).
ɧɿʈ. 2. ɧɷɻɿɷʂʓʄʒʀ ʈʇɼɾ.
ɨʇɼɾ, ʆʇʅʌʅɻʖʐɿʀ ʆʅʆɼʇɼʁ ɹʅʂʅʁʅʄ, ʆʅ ʈʊʉɿ ɻɼʂɷ ʆʇɼɻʈʉɷɹʂʖɼʉ ʉɼʁʈʉʊʇʅɹɷʄʄʒʀ ʇɿʈʊʄʅʁ ɿɾ ɺʅɻɿʎʄʒʌ
ʁʅʂɼʍ (ʇɿʈ. 3). ɩɷʁʅʀ ʈʇɼɾ ʉɷʁ ɿ ɸʊɻɼʉ ʄɷɾʒɹɷʉʓʈʖ – ʆʅʆɼʇɼʎʄʒʀ. ɜʈʂɿ ʆʇɷɹɿʂʓʄʅ ʇɷʈʆʅʂʅɽɿʉʓ ʄɷ ɸʇʊʈʁɼ
ɾɷɻʊʃɷʄʄʒʀ ʎɼʇʉɼɽ, ʉʅ ɹʄɼʏʄɿʀ ɹɿɻ ɸʊɻʊʐɼɺʅ ɿɾɻɼʂɿʖ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ɹʒɿɺʇɷɼʉ. ɡʇʅʃɼ ʉʅɺʅ, ʈʂʅɽʄʅʈʉʓ ɿ
ʁʇɷʈʅʉɷ ɸʊɻʊʐɼɺʅ ʇɿʈʊʄʁɷ ʄɷʆʇʖʃʊʕ ɾɷɹɿʈʖʉ ʅʉ ʇɷɾʄʅʅɸʇɷɾɿʖ ʉɼʁʈʉʊʇʒ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ.
ɧɿʈ. 3. ɦʅʆɼʇɼʎʄʒʀ ʈʇɼɾ.
ɨʉʇʅɼʄɿɼ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ
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ɨɻɼʂɷɹ ʉʅʂʓʁʅ ʆʅʆɼʇɼʎʄʒʀ ʈʇɼɾ, ʃʅɽʄʅ ʎɼʉʁʅ ʇɷʈʈʃʅʉʇɼʉʓ ʈʉʇʅɼʄɿɼ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ. ɡɷɽɻʒʀ ɸʇʊʈʅʁ
ʄɼʅɸʉɼʈɷʄʄʅɺʅ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ ɿʃɼɼʉ ʁʅʇʊ – ʔʉʅ ʁʅɽɷ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ, ʁʅʉʅʇɷʖ ʄɼ ɿʈʆʅʂʓɾʊɼʉʈʖ ɹ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ, ɼɼ ʅɸʖɾɷʉɼʂʓʄʅ
ʈʄɿʃɷʕʉ. ɦʅɻ ʁʅʇʅʀ ʇɷʈʆʅʂɷɺɷɼʉʈʖ ɾʅʄɷ ʇʅʈʉɷ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ, ʁʅʉʅʇɷʖ ʆʇɷʁʉɿʎɼʈʁɿ ʄɼʇɷɾʂɿʎɿʃɷ
ʄɼɹʅʅʇʊɽɼʄʄʒʃ ɺʂɷɾʅʃ.
ɤɷ ʈɹɼɽɼʃ ʈʆɿʂɼ ʇɷʈʉʊʐɼɺʅ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ ʈʂʅʀ ʁɷʃɸɿʖ ʆʇɼɻʈʉɷɹʂɼʄ ʅʎɼʄʓ ʌʅʇʅʏʅ. ɦʅʈʂɼ ʉʅɺʅ ʁɷʁ ʈʄʖʉɷ ʁʅʇɷ,
ʅʉʁʇʒɹɷɼʉʈʖ ʉʅʄʁɷʖ ʆʇʅʈʂʅʀʁɷ ɹʂɷɽʄʅʀ ʉʁɷʄɿ ɾɼʂɼʄʅɹɷʉʅɺʅ ʍɹɼʉɷ – ʔʉʅ ɿ ɼʈʉʓ ʁɷʃɸɿʀ. ɞɷ ʁɷʃɸɿɼʃ
ʇɷʈʆʅʂʅɽɼʄɷ ʈʅɸʈʉɹɼʄʄʅ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄɷ ʈ ɺʅɻɿʎʄʒʃɿ ʁʅʂʓʍɷʃɿ. ɛʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʊ ɼʐɼ ʄɷɾʒɹɷʕʉ ɾɷɸʅʂʅʄʓʕ. ə
ʍɼʄʉʇɼ ʁɷɽɻʅɺʅ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ ɼʈʉʓ ʖɻʇʅ, ʁʅʉʅʇʅɼ ʆʅ ʍɹɼʉʊ ʃʅɽɼʉ ʈʂɿɹɷʉʓʈʖ ʈ ɾɷɸʅʂʅʄʓʕ ɿʂɿ ɿʃɼʉʓ ɸʅʂɼɼ
ʉɼʃʄʒʀ ʍɹɼʉ. ə ɾɷɹɿʈɿʃʅʈʉɿ ʅʉ ʔʉʅɺʅ ʇɷɾɻɼʂʖʕʉ ɾɷɸʅʂʅʄʄʒɼ ʆʅʇʅɻʒ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ɺɻɼ ʖɻʇʅ ʄɼ ɿʃɼɼʉ ʖʇʁʅ
ɹʒʇɷɽɼʄʄʅʀ ʈʉʇʊʁʉʊʇʒ ɿ ʁʂɼʉʁɿ ʇɷʈʆʅʂʅɽɼʄʒ ʉɷʁ ɽɼ ʆʂʅʉʄʅ, ʁɷʁ ɿ ɹ ɾɷɸʅʂʅʄɿ (ʇɿʈ. 4), ɿ ʖɻʇʅɹʒɼ, ɺɻɼ,
ʈʅʅʉɹɼʉʈʉɹɼʄʄʅ, ʖɻʇʅ ʌʅʇʅʏʅ ʇɷɾʂɿʎɿʃʅ (ʇɿʈ. 5). ɟʄʅɺɻɷ ɾɷɸʅʂʅʄʄʒɼ ʆʅʇʅɻʒ ɻɼʇɼɹɷ ʄɷɾʒɹɷʕʉ
ɸɼɾʑʖɻʇʅɹʒʃɿ.
ɧɿʈ. 4. ɞɷɸʅʂʅʄʄʒɼ ʆʅʇʅɻʒ.
ɧɿʈ. 5. ɶɻʇʅɹʒɼ ʆʅʇʅɻʒ.
ɡ ʖɻʇʅɹʒʃ ɻʇɼɹɼʈʄʒʃ ʆʅʇʅɻɷʃ ʅʉʄʅʈʖʉʈʖ ɹʈɼ ʌɹʅʀʄʒɼ (ʈʅʈʄɷ, ʁɼɻʇ, ɼʂʓ, ʉɿʈ, ʂɿʈʉɹɼʄʄɿʍɷ) ɿ ʄɼʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ
ʂɿʈʉɹɼʄʄʒɼ ʆʅʇʅɻʒ, ʄɷʆʇɿʃɼʇ ɻʊɸ, ʖʈɼʄʓ, ʉʅʆʅʂʓ. ɘʅʂʓʏɿʄʈʉɹʅ ʂɿʈʉɹɼʄʄʒʌ ʆʅʇʅɻ ʈʅʈʉɷɹʂʖɼʉ ʇʖɻ
ɾɷɸʅʂʅʄʄʒʌ, ɿʂɿ ɸɼɾʑʖɻʇʅɹʒʌ: ɸɼʇɼɾɷ, ɺʇɷɸ, ʅʂʓʌɷ, ʁʂɼʄ, ɺʇɷɸ.
ɡʇʅʃɼ ʃɿʁʇʅʈʉʇʊʁʉʊʇʒ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ʁ ʄɼʀ ʅʉʄʅʈɿʉʈʖ ʆʂʅʉʄʅʈʉʓ ʇɷʈʆʅʂʅɽɼʄɿʖ ɻʇɼɹɼʈʄʒʌ ʁʂɼʉʅʁ, ʄɷ
ʈʅɾɻɷʄɿɼ ʁʅʃʆʅɾɿʍɿɿ ɿ ɹʅɾʃʅɽʄʅʈʉʓ ɿʈʆʅʂʓɾʅɹɷʄɿʖ ʉʅɺʅ ɿʂɿ ɿʄʅɺʅ ɸʇʊʈʁɷ ɹ ʇɷɸʅʉɼ ɹʂɿʖɼʉ
ʃɷʁʇʅʈʉʇʊʁʉʊʇɷ ɻʇɼɹɼʈɿʄʒ, ʆʇɼɻʈʉɷɹʂɼʄʄɷʖ ɺʅɻɿʎʄʒʃɿ ʁʅʂʓʍɷʃɿ ɿ ʈɼʇɻʍɼɹɿɻʄʒʃɿ ʈʅʈʊɻɷʃɿ.
ɡ ʃɷʁʇʅʈʉʇʊʁʉʊʇɼ ʉɷʁɽɼ ʅʉʄʅʈɿʉʈʖ ʄɷʂɿʎɿɼ ʇɷɾʂɿʎʄʒʌ ʈʊʎʁʅɹ, ʄɷʇʅʈʉʅɹ ɿ ʄɼʇɷɾɹɿɹʏɿʌʈʖ ʆʅɸɼɺʅɹ-
ɺʂɷɾʁʅɹ, ʁʅʉʅʇʒɼ ʅʉʁʂʅʄʖʕʉ ɺʅɻɿʎʄʒɼ ʁʅʂʓʍɷ ɿ ʅɸʇɷɾʊʕʉ ʇɷɾʂɿʎʄʒɼ ʈɹɿʂɼɹɷʉʅʈʉɿ.
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