McGraw Hill - Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmers Reference (2001).pdf - ~ CSS - DonMastero

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer's Reference

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer’s Reference

Eric A. Meyer

Osborne/ McGraw-Hill

2600 Tenth Street

Berkeley, California 94710

U.S.A.

To arrange bulk purchase discounts for sales promotions, premiums, or fund-raisers, please contact

Osborne/ McGraw-Hill at the above address. For information on translations or book distributors outside

the U.S.A., please see the International Contact Information page immediately following the index of this

book.

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer’s Reference

America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be

reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system,

without the prior written permission of the publisher, with the exception that the program listings may be

entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not be reproduced for publication.

1234567890 DOC DOC 01987654321

ISBN 0-07-213178-0

Publisher

Brandon A. Nordin

Vice President & Associate Publisher

Scott Rogers

Acquisitions Editor

Jim Schachterle

Project Editor

Madhu Prasher

Acquisitions Coordinator

Tim Madrid

Copy Editor

Mike McGee

Proofreader

Paul Tyler

Indexer

Claire Splan

Computer Designers

Tara Davis and Lucie Ericksen

Illustrator

Michael Mueller

Series Design

Peter F. Hancik

This book was composed with Corel VENTURA™ Publisher.

Information has been obtained by Osborne/ McGraw-Hill from sources believed to be reliable. However,

because of the possibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, Osborne/ McGraw-Hill , or

others, Osborne/ McGraw-Hill does not guarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any

information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or the results obtained from use of such

information.

To my wife, Kathryn, and a secluded dance

under a starry California sky

About the Author

Eric A. Meyer has been working with the Web since late 1993. After six years as campus Webmaster at

Case Western Reserve University, he joined The OPAL Group ( www.theopalgroup.com ) , an information

technology consulting firm in Cleveland, Ohio, which is a much nicer city than you might have heard.

Eric is an invited expert with the W3C’s CSS Working Group, and coordinated the creation of the CSS

Test Suite for the W3C ( www.w3.org ). As of this writing, he is author of three highly popular HTML

tutorials, three books, and dozens of articles on CSS and Web design. Eric also teaches CSS classes

online and gives talks at various conferences and seminars. Anyone with an ear for early 20 th -century

swing and jazz is invited to check out his show, “Your Father’s Oldsmobile,” which is heard weekly on

WRUW 91.1-FM in Cleveland ( www.wruw.org ). When not otherwise busy, Eric is usually bothering his

wife Kathryn in some fashion.

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer's Reference

Table of Contents

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer’s Reference - 1

Part I Reference

Chapter 1 - Basic CSS Concepts - 3

Chapter 2 - Values - 18

Chapter 3 - Selectors, Pseudo-Classes, Pseudo-Elements, and At-Rules - 24

Chapter 4 - Visual Media Styles - 35

Chapter 5 - Paged Media Styles - 124

Chapter 6 - Aural Media Styles - 134

Part II Summaries

Chapter 7 - Browser Compatibility - 151

Chapter 8 - CSS2 Quick Reference - 165

Chapter 9 - Useful Resources - 172

Introduction - 3

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer's Reference

Introduction

In the beginning, there was HTML. And it was pretty good, but not great. You couldn’t really create nifty

visual designs with it, which gave rise to table-based layout and single-pixel GIF tricks. And that was

pretty bad. So CSS was born, and it was very good—in theory, anyway. There was a long struggle to

make CSS a viable technology, thanks to imperfect interpretations of the specification, but lo! The day

arrived when CSS could be used without fear and dread. And the people rejoiced.

Thanks to CSS, designers can cut back on the FONT and table tricks they’ve been forced to cobble

together, and dramatically clean up their markup. With the coming of XHTML and XML, both of which

are deeply semantic and must rely on some styling mechanism to become visually appealing, CSS is

growing more and more popular. It’s a flexible, easy-to-understand language which offers designers a

lot of power. Because it reduces markup clutter, it makes pages easier to maintain. And its centralized

styling abilities lets designers adjust page layout with quick, easy edits of the styles, not dramatic

changes to the markup. In fact, CSS makes it possible to completely reshape the look of a document

without changing a single character inside the BODY element.

This book endeavors to efficiently describe the properties and values of CSS2, which was the latest

CSS standard when the book was written, and to provide details on property interactions, common

authoring mistakes, and other information which designers should find useful.

The text has been arranged to present basic concepts first, with details on important CSS algorithms

and behaviors ( Chapter 1 ). This is followed with “core” information which describes the types of values

that can be used in CSS2 ( Chapter 2 ), and the various ways in which elements can be selected for

styling ( Chapter 3 ) . This first part of the book does its best to describe the foundation of CSS, for the

rest of it would not function without the values and concepts presented.

The middle of the book (Chapters 4 through 6) is the largest portion, and is probably the area where

readers will spend the most time—all of the properties found in CSS2 are defined, described, and

annotated with notes. These properties are broken up into separate chapters, with Chapter 4 devoted to

visual-media properties, Chapter 5 to paged-media properties, and Chapter 6 to aural-media properties.

Each property is described in terms of its allowed values, its initial (or default) value, and other common

aspects. There are also detailed descriptions of the meaning of each allowed value, notes about how

the property works, examples of the property in use, and a list of related properties.

The final part of the book (Chapters 7 through 9) contains other useful information about CSS, including

a browser support chart, a CSS2 property quick reference, and a list of useful online resources.

Between the contents of this book and the resources provided, it should be possible to decipher any

CSS conundrums you may encounter. Although CSS can sometimes seem a bit mystifying, it is more

than worth the effort of learning its secrets. Enjoy!

Part I: Reference

Chapter List

Chapter 1: Basic CSS Concepts

Chapter 2: Values

Chapter 3: Selectors, Pseudo-Classes, Pseudo-Elements, and At-Rules

Chapter 4: Visual Media Styles

Chapter 5: Paged Media Styles

Chapter 6: Aural Media Styles

Chapter 1: Basic CSS Concepts

In order to comprehend how CSS affects the presentation of a document, there are some key concepts

that must be grasped. Once these are understood, even in part, it becomes easier to see how the

properties and values of CSS work. Do not, however, feel that you must completely understand

everything in this chapter before experimenting with CSS. In fact, it is better to review this chapter first,

then refer back to it as properties are used.

Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmer's Reference

Associating Styles with Documents

There are four ways to associate styles with a document. These range from associating a separate

stylesheet with your document to embedding style information in the document itself.

LINK Element

The LINK element is found in HTML and XHTML, and is used to associate an external stylesheet with a

document.

Generic Syntax

Attributes

rel=“...”

This attribute describes the relation of the LINKed file to the document itself. For external stylesheets,

there are two possible values: stylesheet and alternate stylesheet . Any LINK with a rel of

stylesheet will be used in the styling of the document. The value alternate stylesheet is used

to refer to stylesheets that are not used in the default rendering of the document, but which can, in

theory, be selected by the user and thus change the presentation. The user agent must provide a

mechanism to do so in order for this to work, and unfortunately most user agents do not provide such a

mechanism. This attribute is required .

href=“...”

The value of this attribute is the URL of the external stylesheet. Either relative or absolute URLs may be

used. This attribute is required .

type=“text/css”

This is used to declare the type of data which is being LINKed to the document. When associating a

CSS stylesheet, the only allowed value is text/css . Other stylesheet languages will call for different

values (e.g., text/xsl ). This attribute is required .

media=“...”

Using this attribute, one can declare a stylesheet to apply only to certain media. The default value is

all , which means that the styles will be used in all media in which the document is presented.

Recognized values under CSS are all , screen , print , projection , aural , braille , embossed ,

handheld , tty , and tv . Any number of these values can be used in a media attribute by formatting

them as a comma-separated list. This attribute is optional.

Note

Examples

href="http://www.my.site/styles/basic.css">

media="screen,projection">

media="print">

STYLE Element

The STYLE element is found in HTML and XHTML, and is used as a container for an embedded

stylesheet.

Generic Syntax

Attributes

type=“text/css”

This attribute is handled the same as that used on the LINK element. This attribute is required .

In this approach, the stylesheet is placed in its own file. Such files are usually

given an extension of .css, such as main-styles.css. The LINK element must be

placed inside the HEAD element in HTML and XHTML, but XML-based markup

languages may have other requirements.

McGraw Hill - Cascading Style Sheets 2.0 Programmers Reference (2001).pdf

Plik z chomika:

Inne pliki z tego folderu:

Inne foldery tego chomika: