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Holy Hatred: Christianity, Antisemitism, and the Holocaust
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ADDITIONAL PRAISE FOR HOLY HATRED :
“This work is a thorough treatment of an immense topic. So
much has been written about Christian antisemitism, and about
the Holocaust, that general readers can sometimes lose sight of
the fact that an intimate causal relationship existed between the
two. All that had gone before, it seemed, allowed the Holocaust
to happen––indeed, it might be said that the Holocaust was in
fact the culmination of the previous twenty centuries of Christian
animosity towards Jews, a hostility that only intensified with each
passing year. Robert Michael has crafted a timely study which
deserves to be read by specialist and non-specialist alike, the bet-
ter to understand the dynamics of Christian Jew-hatred from the
time of the early Church fathers to Hitler and beyond. Michael is
to be congratulated on bringing light to an area that has in the
past all too frequently been darkened by the clouds of supersti-
tion, bigotry, and denial. This work is, in short, a praiseworthy
achievement––a model of its kind.”––Paul R. Bartrop, Honorary
Research Fellow, The Faculty of Arts, Deakin University, and
Head of History, Bialik College
Holy Hatred is a masterful, beautifully written study of how
Christianity and the churches shaped and sustained a lethal anti-
semitism for almost two millennia. With a full command of both
primary and secondary sources, Robert Michael exposes the
extent and continuity of Christian racial and theological anti-
semitism from the earliest foundations of the Church through the
Holocaust. Michael powerfully delineates nearly two millennia of
the obsessive Christian teachings that dehumanized Jews and the
behavior [Christians] justified, including the numerous calls to rid
the world of Jews and Judaism. The author shows the critical
importance of Christian antisemitism to German and Austrian
Nazis at all levels and to the vast populations that sustained them.
In unforgettable, even shocking, portraits, Michael reveals the
extent to which Christian antisemitism shaped the views of lead-
ing German literary figures, composers, philosophers, and politi-
cal thinkers from left to right. A brilliant work, the work of a true
master, a powerful and courageous study, unlike that of so many
 
who have written on the subject of antisemitism, who have cho-
sen to appease Christians and Christianity. Future studies of the
Holocaust or of antisemitism will have to address Michael’s work.
This is a unique and extremely important book!”
–– Eunice G. Pollack , University of North Texas
“Following in the footsteps of Poliakov and Flannery, this book
offers a powerful description of Christianity’s intimate involve-
ment with Judeophobia and anti-Semitism from the gospels for-
ward. In the later chapters, which focus on Central Europe in the
modern period, the author pulls no punches in describing the reli-
gious traditions and historical precedents upon which the Nazis
drew.”–– Peter J. Haas , Abba Hillel Silver Professor of Jewish
Studies, Chair, Department of Religious Studies, and Director,
The Samuel Rosenthal Center for Judaic Studies, Case Western
Reserve University
“If anyone still remains ignorant of the Christian origins of anti-
Semitism––ancient and modern––and its contribution to the
Holocaust, this book will remedy that bliss: clearly, and in com-
prehensive detail. Organized, institutionalized defamation of Jews
and Judaism is shown to derive from the Christian Bible and its
sainted interpreters, while incitement to murder Jews begins with
the Church Fathers, Popes, and holy men and contaminates the
Christian and Secular West. A history of Christianity’s crusading
sins against Jews, Judaism, and God, in thought, word and
deed.”–– Richard Elliott Sherwin , Professor, Bar-Ilan University
HOLY HATRED: CHRISTIANITY,
ANTISEMITISM, AND THE HOLOCAUST
BY
R OBERT M ICHAEL
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HOLY HATRED
© Robert Michael, 2006.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be used or reproduced in any
manner whatsoever without written permission except in the case of brief
quotations embodied in critical articles or reviews.
First published in 2006 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN™
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 and
Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire, England RG21 6XS
Companies and representatives throughout the world.
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave
Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd.
Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom
and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European
Union and other countries.
ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–7471–6 hardback
ISBN-10: 1–4039–7471–3 hardback
ISBN-13: 978–1–4039–7472–3 paperback
ISBN-10: 1–4039–7472–1 paperback
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Michael, Robert, 1936–
Holy hatred : Christianity, antisemitism, and the Holocaust /
Robert Michael.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 1–4039–7471–3 (hardcover : alk. paper)––
ISBN 1–4039–7472–1 (pbk. : alk. paper)
1. Christianity and antisemitism––History.
2. Judaism––Relations––Christianity. 3. Christianity and other
religions––Judaism. 4. Holocaust, Jewish (1939–1945)––Causes.
I. Title.
BM535.M52 2006
261.2
6––dc22 2006043778
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: October 2006
10987654321
Printed in the United States of America.
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