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McGRAW-HILL
CONCISE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
McGRAW-HILL
CONCISE
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY
FIFTH EDITION
McGraw-Hill
New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City
Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
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Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
McGraw-Hill concise encyclopedia of science & technology.—5th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-07-142957-3
1. Science—Encyclopedias. 2. Technology—
Encyclopedias. I. Title: Concise encyclopedia of science &
technology.
Q121.M29
2004
503—dc22
2004054909
This material was extracted from the McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of
Science & Technology , Ninth Edition, c
2002, Eighth Edition,
c
1997, Seventh Edition, c
1992, Sixth Edition, c
1987, Fifth
Edition, c
1982 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights
reserved.
2005 by The McGraw-Hill
Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of
America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act
of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed
in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval
system, without the prior written permission of the publisher.
1234567890 DOW/DOW 0 10 9 8 7654
This book was printed on acid-free paper.
It was set in Helvetica Black and Souvenir Light by TechBooks,
Fairfax, Virginia.
The book was printed and bound by RR Donnelley, The Lakeside
Press.
McGRAW-HILL CONCISE ENCYCLOPEDIA OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY, Fifth Edition, copyright c
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Contents
Staff ......................................................................... vi
Consulting Editors ......................................................... vii
Preface ...................................................................... ix
Organization of the Encyclopedia ..........................................xi
Articles A–Z ........................................................... 1–2421
Appendix ...........................................................2425–2569
Bibliographies ..................................................................2425
U.S. Customary System and the metric system ............................... 2449
International System ...........................................................2449
Conversion factors for the measurement systems .............................2449
Units of temperature in measurement systems ................................2454
Symbols for the chemical elements ............................................2454
Chemical nomenclature ....................................................... 2454
Symbols in scientific writing ................................................... 2455
Mathematical signs and symbols .............................................. 2458
Mathematical notation .........................................................2458
Fundamental constants ........................................................2460
Fundamental particles ......................................................... 2463
Geologic time scale and related aspects .......................................2464
Biographical listing .............................................................2465
Contributors .......................................................2489–2569
Contributor Initials .............................................................2489
Contributor Affiliations .........................................................2513
Index .....................................................................2571
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